What Are Animal Rights

Animal rights are the belief that animals have a right to be free of human use and exploitation, but there  is a great deal of confusion about what that means. Animal rights are not about putting animals above humans or giving animals the same rights as humans. Also, animal rights are very different from animal welfare. To most animal rights activists, animal rights are grounded in a rejection of  speciesism  and the knowledge that animals have sentience (the ability to suffer). (Learn more about the  basic tenets of animal rights.) Freedom from Human Use and Exploitation Humans use and exploit animals in myriad ways, including  meat,  milk,  eggs,  animal experimentation, fur,  hunting, and  circuses. With the possible exception of animal experimentation, all of these uses of animals are frivolous. People dont need meat, eggs, milk, fur, hunting or circuses. The American Dietetic Association  recognizes  that people can be perfectly healthy as vegans. Regarding animal experimentation, most would agree that testing of cosmetics and household products is unnecessary. A new furniture polish or lipstick seems a frivolous reason to the blind, maim,  and kill hundreds or thousands of rabbits.   Many would also say that scientific experimentation on animals for the sake of science, with no immediate, obvious application to human health, is unnecessary because the suffering of the animals outweighs the satisfaction of human curiosity. This leaves only medical experiments. While animal experimentation may lead to human medical advancements, we cannot morally justify exploiting animals for experiments any more than experiments on mental patients or babies can be justified. Justifications for Animal Exploitation The most common justifications for animal use are: Animals are not intelligent (cannot think/reason).Animals are not as important as people.Animals have no duties.God put animals here for us to use. Rights cannot be determined by the ability to think, or wed have to give intelligence tests to determine which humans deserve rights. This would mean that babies, the mentally disabled and the mentally ill would have no rights. Importance is not a good criterion for rights holding because importance is highly subjective and individuals have their own interests that make each individual important to him/herself. One person may find that their own pets are more important to them than a stranger on the other side of the world, but that doesnt give them the right to kill and eat that stranger. The President of United States might be more important than most people, but that doesnt give the president the right to kill people and mount their heads on the wall as trophies. One could also argue that a single blue whale is more important than any single human being because the species is endangered and every individual is needed to help the population recover. Duties are also not good criteria for rights holding because individuals who are incapable of recognizing or performing duties, such as babies or people with profound disabilities, still have a right not be eaten or experimented on. Furthermore, animals are routinely killed for failing to follow human rules (e.g., the mouse who is killed in a mousetrap), so even if they have no duties, we punish them for failing to abide by our expectations. Religious beliefs are also an inappropriate determination of rights holding because religious beliefs are highly subjective and personal. Even within a religion,  people will disagree  about what God dictates. We shouldnt impose our religious beliefs on others, and using religion to justify animal exploitation imposes our religion on the animals. And keep in mind that the Bible was once used to justify the enslavement of Africans and African Americans in the United States, demonstrating how people often use religion as an excuse to further their personal beliefs. Because there will always be some humans who dont fit the criteria used to justify animal exploitation, the only true distinction between humans and non-human animals are species, which is an arbitrary line to draw between which individuals do and dont have rights. There is no magical dividing line between humans and non-human animals. The Same Rights as Humans? There is a common misconception that animal rights activists want nonhuman animals to have the same rights as people. No one wants cats to have the right to vote, or for dogs to have the right to bear arms. The issue is not whether animals should have the same rights as people, but whether we have a right to use and exploit them for our purposes, however, frivolous they might be. Animal Rights v. Animal Welfare Animal rights are  distinguishable from animal welfare. In general, the term animal rights is the belief that humans do not have a right to use animals for our own purposes. Animal welfare is the belief that humans do have a right to use animals as long as the animals are treated humanely. The animal rights position on  factory farming  would be that we do not have a right to  slaughter animals for food  no matter how well the animals are treated while they are alive, while the animal welfare position might want to see certain  cruel practices  eliminated. Animal welfare describes a broad spectrum of views, while animal rights are more absolute. For example, some animal welfare advocates might want a ban on fur, while others might believe that fur is morally acceptable if the animals are killed humanely and do not suffer for too long in a trap. Animal welfare may also be used describe the speciesist view that certain animals (e.g. dogs, cats, horses) are more deserving of protection than others (e.g. fish, chickens, cows).

Perception in the metamorphosis - 1256 Words

The role of perception in Gregor Samsas identity crisis (Question 2) Tabula Rasa- the theory that individuals are born without essence and are shaped by knowledge and perception- is quite dubious. To what extent does the fact that multiple perceptions of a human being exist affect their identity? German-language writer Franz Kafkas novella The Metamorphosis and one of its themes of the struggle to define ones identity answers some of these questions. Published in 1915, this story is a fictitious account of the protagonist, Gregor Samsas transformation into a gigantic bug and the series of events which occur as he and those around him attempt to adjust to this outrageous transmutation. Throughout the novella, we see Samsa†¦show more content†¦Gregors transformation starts to affect him mentally only once the familys horror at his new appearance was apparent. Their shock confirmed to him his animal identity, and their perception of him as a fearful creature started to affect his mindset. The point that Kafka stresses on consistently throug hout his novella is the familys utter disregard and lack of any appreciation towards Gregors endless contributions to their wellbeing. As Gregor toiled endlessly on a horrid job, his parents fuelled his dehumanisation by supporting his one-sided contributions to them. They perceived Gregor to be their only source of financial backing, and so he started to morph into a machine-like creature under their impression, over the years. For example, when the family becomes aware of Gregor being late, his father can only panic about Gregor having missed the early train. Such behaviour led to Gregors isolation over the years, adding to his mental transformation into the monstrous vermin which he became under his familys projections onto him and his continuous self sacrifice. Kafka emphasizes Gregors impressionable character when he says He (Gregor) was a tool....without brains or a backbone (Kafka 5). Following the metamorphosis, Gregors family attains a level of self sufficiency, as they at tempt to fend for themselves, leaving Gregor feeling purposeless. This gives an idea of how extensive a role perception played upon Gregors identity, as he becomes convincedShow MoreRelatedPerception Changes in Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay example851 Words   |  4 Pageschanges appear and disappear, impacting our lives. Humans perceive change differently and it reveals the true nature of our heart. It is due to the dissension of change between humans that determines the differences in our individual perceptions. In the novel, â€Å" Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, the word change is taken to a entirely absurd degree as the main protagonist, Gregor Samsa is illogically transformed into a bug. Although Gregor’s thoughts still shown traces of his human self, Gregor’s family isRead MoreEssay about The Truth of Perception in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1078 Words   |  5 Pagesourselves. The world does not see eye to eye to what we see. In The Metamorph osis written by Franz Kafka, the protagonist Gregor Samsa, over the course of one night, suddenly transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† Gregor is now physically separated by his family who can only perceive him as his bug-like structure, which results in the disintegration of his emotional turmoil and ultimately death. The exposition of The Metamorphosis beings with a small little room that is symmetrical in every mannerRead MoreAnalysis Of Kafka s The Metamorphosis 989 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Freedman’s critical essay titled â€Å"Kafka’s Obscurity† on Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis delves into the idea that from changes in the protagonist’s physical limitations, familial bonds, and his being â€Å"[he] is finally reduced to a mere speck of self-awareness which is ultimately extinguished† (Freedman 131). General questions of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† are almost immediately dismissed due to the calm and monotonous tone that Kafka implements throughout the novel. Instead, the reader is encouraged toRead MoreMetamorphosis by Frank Kafka875 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Kafka’s short story Metamorphosis involves an element of horror derived from the unchallenged acceptance provided by everyone, including Gregor himself to his transfor mation into a vermin- cockroach. Kafka, renowned for his surrealism, tries to create a universe where a seemingly unrealistic reality containing chaos, corruption and immorality, is in fact reality, and an actually consistent perception of the truly horrid nature of human existence under the influence of society. Set against theRead MoreThe Existential Isolation And Biopsychological Change1519 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the Existential Isolation and Biopsychological Change in The Metamorphosis and â€Å"Letter to my Father† by Franz Kafka and Unwelcome Visitors† by Tessa Farmer This literary and art analysis will define the correlation between the writings of Kafka and the installation art of Tessa Farmer’s in relation to the themes of existential isolation and biopsychological change. Gregor’s anxiety in The Metamorphosis is partially due to the alienation of society, which cases an existential periodRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis.. Franz Kafka Owns A Part Of The1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka owns a part of the human emotional spectrum, which the world can now call the Kafkaesque, a term for someone who exhibits nightmarish qualities of Kafka’s fictional world (Franz Kafka). Kafka’s twisted world is in no way pleasant, very Kafkaesque. It feels like a nightmare, and yet it is a place where many people, if only for a moment, will end up. Kafka’s most appreciated piece of literature, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† creates an extension of Kafka’s life throughRead MorePersonal Experiences Reflected in Metamorphosis by Gregor Samsa1061 Words   |  5 Pages Topic 2 Writing, like other forms of art, draws upon an artist’s inspirations. Either subtly or overtly, an artist’s interactions and perception of the world influences their piece. Franz Kafka, born into a Jewish family in Prague, incorporated many of his life experiences into his work The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis presents many connections between the life of the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and Kafka himself. Some literary analysts claim it serves as an outlet for his distraught lifeRead MoreEffects of Loneliness and Isolation in the Short Stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1512 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of loneliness and isolation in the short stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† In Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the reader can easily see demonstrated the effects of the alienation and loneliness both of the main characters experience. The feeling of loneliness and the state of alienation leave the characters changed from who they were and manages to completelyRead MoreMetamorphosis, By Franz Kafka1335 Words   |  6 PagesSociety can be cruel to people who do not fit in and art can help to break the pain. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, is a reflection of his unsettled relationship with his family and society. Franz Kafka creates a hideous creature, a monstrous insect, to show how he feels in his reality. Gregor, in Metamorphosis, is a tool for Kafka to psychoanalyze his perceived deficiency in society and communicate his contemplations on his meaning in life. Franz Kafka s estrangement from his family and societyRead MoreReview Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 958 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several aspects about the writing of Franz Kafka that make it enticing to the reader and tantalizing enough to keep the reader intrigued. The narrative that I find most intriguing by Kafka is The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis is a tale wherein Kafka essentially gives his perception of the story of his life through the use of storytelling devices, which without the use of them would have made it a less interesting tale. Franz Kafka was born on July 3rd, 1883. Kafka was a German writer

Impact of Jet Free Essays

C IMPACT OF JET EXPERIMENT 1 Aim To find the impact force caused by a fluid jet on a horizontal plate and a hemispherical shell and compare it with the expected theoretical force. 2 Theory When a rubber ball strikes a solid surface it nicely rebounds from the solid surface. The amount of rebound would depend on the coefficient of restitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Jet or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when a steady fluid jet strikes a solid surface, it does not rebound. But, a stream of fluid is formed which moves over the surface and the fluid leaves the surface tangentially. If a fluid jet is impacting a horizontal plate, at an angle ? the rate of change of momentum can be equated to the force exerted by the jet on the plate. When a vertical fluid jet strikes a horizontally positioned plate, the value of ? will be 90Â °. A control volume analysis can be performed to give the force F = ? QV, (1) where ? is the density of the water, Q is the jet flow rate and V is the velocity of the jet. For the case of a hemispherical shell when the stream of water is turned back by 180o, the force experienced by the shell will be F = 2? QV, (2) two times the force experienced by the flat plate. Experimental Set-up The set up consists of a closed cylindrical container housing the horizontal plate/hemispherical shell to receive the impact of the jet. The vertical water jet is produced by a pump forcing water through a nozzle of diameter 6mm for the flat plate and of diameter 8mm for the hemispherical set up. The flow rate through the nozzle is measured by a rotameter. The velocity of jet could be obtained by knowing the flow rate. 4 Experimental Procedure Switch on the motor and using the two gate valves control the flow rate. Place suitable weights to counter balance the impact force of the liquid jet. When the load is higher than the impact load of the jet, the jet will be blocked by the plate. When the load is low the load arm will rise up and touch the top part of the housing. Adjust the flow rate for any selected weight so that the load arm stays in the middle of the distance from the nozzle tip to the top part of the housing. Ensure that the steady flow rate is maintained and take at least six independent measurements by choosing six different flow rates that would balance the weights. Important steps 1 Allow the float to be steady before you start noting down the readings. 2 Ensure that the fluid jet nicely counter balances the weight it is carrying. Flat plate S. No. Flow Rate Q (m3/s) Velocity V (m/s) Force (Experimental) Fex (N) Force (Theoretical) Fth (N) S. No. Flow Rate Q (m3/s) Hemispherical shell Velocity V (m/s) Force (Experimental) Fex (N) Force (Theoretical) Fth (N) 5 Results and Discussion Plot the following graphs. Fex vs Fth 2. Fex/(1/2 ? V2 A) vs Re=Vd/? , where A is the area of cross section of the jet and Re is the Reynolds number of the jet 1. The graphs for the flat plate and the hemispherical shell should be plotted on the same graph. Based on these plots answer the following questions 1. Do a control volume formulation to derive (1) and (2). 2. Why is the force independent of the area of the plate/shell? 3. What is the slope of the Fex vs F th plot. What should the ideal value of this slope be? If the slope is different from the ideal value, why is it different. 4. What non dimensional number is the y axis of the second plot? What is the significance of the variation this non dimensional number that you observe from your experiments? How to cite Impact of Jet, Papers

Elmer Kelton Essay Example For Students

Elmer Kelton Essay In Elmer Keltons â€Å"Politically Correct or Historically Correct† he mentionsabout the way people see and describe historical events. Some people can describean event completly diffrent then how another person is describing it simplybecause it was seen in a different way then the other person. In fact, it could evenbe because one of the people is describing or telling the event the way it was toldto him by someone else or simply because it is the way that he wants to interpretthat event. Many of the people that write about historical events have a tendencyto leave the bad side of it and always talke about the good side of things. Most of the historical books where written by men, or that is what mostpeople think. It is very difficult to find a book written by a women especially if itwas in the West. Kelton stated that there were books written by women but it wasdifficult to find them. Actually this is true, but it has changed, through out theyear, there have been more books written by women and other minorities. Kelton also talks about some civilizations that were established to the south,in Mexico, like Aztecs, and Mayan, and about how they were built by fighting,enslaving, sacrifices and the destruction of others. This kind of gives you an ideaof how these civilizations came about in Mexico and what kind of civilized peoplethey were. Indian tirbe would fight about everything, most would not recognize othertribes as the same race, but as being a different tribe, an enemy. Many of thepeople from these tribes were killed because of a battle that arose over huntingrights or simply because they were diffrent. A lot of the things that Elmer Kelton talks about in his work â€Å"Politically Correct orHistorically Correct† is just to inform the readers that history did not alwayshappen the way it is described, written or told by historians and writers. Somepeople see history in different ways for the simple fact that they do not see them inthe same way or from the same angle. I found Elmer Keltons work to beinformative for the simple reason that it talks about some things that other booksdont even mention and things that people could never know unless people were toactually taslk to someone that was present through out many of the historicalevents through out time. History Essays

Must-Dos For Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Most writers could stand to improve their essay writing skills. Thats because essay writing is an art honed over time and with practice. Though some people may be naturally good at writing, a good essay is more than that. It requires a tight, well-defined thesis, and a developed argument thats simply stated and uses credible research to back it up. And of course, the artistry of writing requires precise vocabulary, transition words and active voice. If youre in need of some improvements in your essay writing, here are some areas to focus on: Read more One of the first things you can do to improve your essay writing skills is dedicate more time to reading. The more you read, the more youll be exposed to different styles of writing. Eventually, youll identify qualities that you want to adopt in your own writing. Do research before you write Its important to do all of your research before you write. You should take notes while doing your research, but the actual essay writing should only come later. Make sure your ideas have had time to mature enough before you start trying to put them together. Be patient and take things one step at a time. If youve done all of your research and taken good notes, the arguments youll use should be fairly easy for you to define. Rushing into the writing process prematurely can mean you have to change your arguments as you come up with more research. This will make for a jumbled essay in the end. Avoid repetition Writers often make the mistake of repeating the same word or group of words too many times in their essays. This causes boring reading. Use a thesaurus to see what other words you can use to capture the same idea. If there is no replacement for the word(s) youre writing, try using third person pronouns more often (he/she/it/they) or abbreviations for long titles. Example: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to vote on whether or not to allow a mining company do a land survey on their reservation. The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation voted against granting permission. The mining company attempted to file a law suit and the Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation held a meeting at the city hall. A better version: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to vote on whether or not to allow a mining company do a land survey on their reservation. They voted against granting permission. The mining company attempted to file a law suit and The Council held a meeting at the city hall. Cite facts, statistics, dates and expert opinions Using numbers and statistics gives credibility to your argument as well as creates an impact. Which of the following statements has a stronger impact? There are far fewer polar bears in the Yukon today than there were a few decades ago. Vs. The population of polar bears in the Yukon has been reduced by 1,000% between 1980 and 2010. Citing the opinions of experts in the field also allows the reader to trust the rest of your observations. Example: The devastation of the polar bear population in the Yukon is one of the most severe of any species on the planet. Vs. Dr. Sheffield from the University of Toronto gave a speech at a convention on wildlife conservation where he lamented that â€Å"few places on the planet have suffered such severe loss of a single species as in the Yukon.† Improve your vocabulary The more words you know, the more variety of words you can use in your essays. Simple math. A more ample vocabulary can provide you with the tools to write more interesting essays. It can also help you acquire a higher level of precision in your arguments. For example, if youre writing about bee-keeping, you could use the word â€Å"apiculture† which is the technical word for bee-keeping. If youre writing about religious cults, you could use the word â€Å"indoctrinate† which means â€Å"teach a person or group of persons to accept a teaching uncritically†. Precise language helps you economize on explanations. But know when to keep it simple Writing with precise language is one thing. Showing off is another. Dont litter your essay with sophisticated vocabulary words. Dont use â€Å"insouciant† when you could use â€Å"indifferent† or â€Å"turgid† when you could use â€Å"tedious†. You dont want to force your reader to reach for the dictionary every few sentences. The majority of readers wouldnt bother. You want your essay to be readable to the layperson. The feature of your essay is your argument: if you present it simply, it will be easy to grasp. And thats one of the goals of good essay writing. Use transition words Transition words are key to guiding the reader from one argument to the next. They help improve the essays readability and flow. Some transition words to incorporate in your essays: However Furthermore Moreover Nevertheless Also Including On the other hand In spite of Check out this site for a comprehensive list of transition words and when to use them. Use active verbs Writers often fall into the trap of using passive voice in their essays. Try using active voice instead. Its more direct and gives more life to your sentences. Example: The research done on nuclear energy has left many questions still unanswered. Vs. Nuclear energy research still has many questions to answer. The last surviving member of the Terena tribe had died the year before. Vs. The last surviving member of the Terena tribe died in 2014. Use a writing app Since we live in the digital age, there are apps that can tell you how your essay can be improved. Try one or all of the following: Hemingway highlights problem areas of your essay with color coding for things like passive voice, adverbs, complex sentences and more. Grammarly advanced spell checker and grammar checker as well as plagiarism detector. ProWriting Aid checks for grammar, style and readability.

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos Lo que puede costar  un abogado de migracià ³n en Estados Unidos depende del estado, de la clase de tramitacià ³n, del tipo de contrato, de su fama, etc. Este artà ­culo informa sobre honorarios promedio que cobran los abogados migratorios por tipo de trmites pero tambià ©n sobre causas para entender las grandes diferencias en los costos y las distintas formas de trabajar de los letrados en Estados Unidos que pueden afectar al monto final de los servicios. Factores que influyen en los honorarios de abogados de migracià ³n El monto de lo que cobra un abogado depende de varios factores, empezando por la dificultad de cada caso ya que no todos son iguales y los ms complejos son los ms caros. Otro factor a tener en cuenta es la ubicacià ³n de la oficina del letrado.  Hay una gran diferencia entre lo que se puede cobrar de un estado a otro, incluso dentro del mismo estado, de un pueblo a una ciudad grande. Asimismo debe tenerse en consideracià ³n el tipo de contrato entre el cliente y el letrado.  Por un lado hay  abogados que cobran por hora  un costo que puede ir entre $100 y $500. Por el contrario otros letrados cobran una cantidad fija segà ºn el tipo de tramitacià ³n. Esto à ºltimo es muy comà ºn entre abogados de inmigracià ³n. En algunos casos, por ejemplo, en las peticiones de una tarjeta de residencia para un familiar, es posible un acuerdo entre abogado y cliente, de tal manera que se paga una cantidad inicial al principio y cuando va avanzando el caso se paga el resto del dinero. Si este es el caso hay que tener muy claro cunto se paga y en quà © momento. Los gastos escondidos pueden incrementar enormemente el costo final de un trmite.  Por ejemplo, a la hora de cerrar un acuerdo con un abogado hay que tener muy claro si actividades extras como acudir a corte, visitar un detenido, etc, estn incluidos o hay que pagarlos a mayores. Y en este caso, cul serà ­a el costo. Los desplazamientos a centros de detencià ³n pueden ser carà ­simos, por eso en este caso preguntar si es posible que el abogado consulte con el detenido por telà ©fono.  Incluso hay que saber si se paga a mayores por traducciones, fotocopias, preparacià ³n de entrevistas etc. Preguntar explà ­citamente si en el precio que se paga van incluidas cosas como hablar con el USCIS si estos dicen que no se ha recibido un documento que se ha enviado. Responder a un RFE, es decir, presentar ms evidencias cuando Inmigracià ³n asà ­ lo pide, etc. Adems, la buena fama de un despacho de abogados con un amplio rà ©cord de casos ganados en su especialidad le permite cobrar ms que la media de sus compaà ±eros de profesià ³n. Finalmente es muy importante tener en cuenta que en los precios que cobran los abogados por sus servicios no estn incluidas las cuotas (fees en inglà ©s ) que hay que pagarle al USCIS o en su caso a un consulado. Esas cuotas se abonan a mayores (verifica si puedes calificar para no hacer el pago de la cuota). Listado de precios medios que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n Consulta: puede ser gratuita, pero es muy comà ºn cobrar a partir de $100. Tambià ©n es posible que se cobre menos si es por telà ©fono y ms si es presencial. Y que se limite el tiempo de la consulta, por lo que es importante ir preparado y saber todo lo que se quiere preguntar.Visa de fiancà © (prometido de ciudadano): una gran variacià ³n, desde $340 a $2.000Renovacià ³n, extensià ³n de una visa B1/B2 (turista, paseo o placer): $300-$2.000Visa de turista: $500 a $1.000DACA o Accià ³n diferida para Dreamers: de $200 a $500. Incluso $1.000 en casos complicados. Hay numerosas organizaciones sin fines de lucro que brindan estos servicios gratuitamente a los muchachos que califican para la renovacià ³n de la Accià ³n Diferida.Formulario N-400 para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n: $400-$1.000 y ms si hay complicaciones o es una aplicacià ³n que se hace a los tres aà ±os de recibir la residencia.Visa TN para profesionales mexicanos: a partir de $500V isa J-1, no objection waiver: $500Visa J-1, otras clases de waiver: a partir de $3.000 Visa P para atletas o deportistas: $3.000Preparacià ³n de entrevista: $300 y msMocià ³n para reabrir un caso: $3.000Peticià ³n de los papeles para un familiar (I-130): entre $500 y $1.800. Remocià ³n de condiciones de tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio: $500Ajuste de estatus: $600-$ 2.500I-90 para reemplazar la tarjeta de residencia: $500Permiso de trabajo: $350-$400Perdà ³n por inadmisibilidad 212(d)(3), para no inmigrantes que no pueden obtener visa por razones como salud, prostitucià ³n, ciertos rà ©cords criminales, contrabando de personas o presencia ilegal. $1.000-$2.000Perdà ³n (waiver) 601 o el 601A- ms de $4.000Visa H-1B: $900-$1.000 sin el certificado de trabajoLabor certification Perm: $5.000Visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia: $500-$3.000Tarjeta de residencia por patrocinio del empleador: $1.800Visa L-1, transfer dentro de una misma empresa: $3.500 - $5.000Visa O-1, para personas con habilidades especiales: $2.500-$5.000Visa E2 para inversionistas: en torno a l os $5,000 incluyendo solamente los gastos de la visa. Con inclusià ³n de otros trmites como elaboracià ³n plan negocios la preparacià ³n del paquete completo puede rondar los $9.000. Visa de estudiante: $500-$1.500Waiver para la tarjeta de residencia por interà ©s nacional: $5.000Advance parole que se solicita independientemente de otros trmites: $350-$750El costo por representacià ³n de abogado por casos de asilo, al ser muy particulares dependiendo de las circunstancias del solicitante, pueden variar enormemente. Pero hay que esperar un costo alto, como unos $5.000 por el asilo afirmativo y $7.000 o ms por uno defensivo. Consultas gratuitas con abogados de migracià ³n Algunos abogados brindan la posibilidad de consultas gratuitas, que pueden ser de dos clases. En primer lugar, un pequeà ±o contacto con el abogado o una persona de su equipo, generalmente por telà ©fono. Se trata de ver mà ­nimamente si hay posibilidad de sacar adelante un caso migratorio. En segundo lugar, existe la modalidad de pagar por una consulta pero si posteriormente se decide contratar al abogado del monto total del trmite se descuenta la cantidad pagada por la entrevista inicial. En estos casos, aunque habrà ­a inicialmente el pago de la consulta, al final se recobrarà ­a ese dinero en la forma de descuento sobre la cantidad final a pagar.  ¿Quà © hacer si no se puede pagar abogado? Hay ciertos situaciones donde lo ms aconsejable es contar siempre con un letrado. Por ejemplo, casos en los que honestamente es mejor siempre tener un abogado al lado: citaciones en corte de inmigracià ³n.peticiones de perdones,asilo, tanto para la solicitud como para la entrevista,solicitudes de green card auto patrocinadas en casos de violencia domà ©stica (VAWA)y, en general, en todos los casos en los que hay una situacià ³n de ilegalidad y se intenta pasar a la legalidad. Si es imposible pagar el coste de un abogado, intentar que acepte el caso uno que realiza labores pro bono, es decir, acepta representar a algunos clientes sin cobrar por cuestiones humanitarias. Si no es posible, ya que generalmente tiene listas de espera grandes para estos casos en los que no cobran, intentar hablar con un representante acreditado. Y aunque es cierto que en las cortes de inmigracià ³n es posible representarse a sà ­ mismo y que el gobierno no pone abogado a aquellos acusados que no pueden costearlo, pero lo cierto es que los resultados no son positivos. Contar con un abogado que represente a un acusado en corte de inmigracià ³n no quiere decir que se vaya a ganar el caso, pero sà ­ que se va a tener una mayor oportunidad. En casos de sà ³lo llenar formularios es posible, y la ley asà ­ lo admite, llenarlos uno mismo o acudir a un consejero de inmigracià ³n, que ha de cobrar menos que un abogado. Pero hay que entender que no pueden dar consejo legal para un caso concreto ni tampoco representar en corte de inmigracià ³n, si hiciera falta. Tambià ©n se puede acudir a solicitar ayuda a organizaciones sin fin de lucro que brindan apoyo legal o para llenar documentos. Los hay muy reconocidos y no cobran nada o sà ³lo una pequeà ±a cantidad. Pero muchas veces no pueden hacerse cargo de todos los casos porque estn literalmente desbordados de trabajo. Tips que te pueden interesar Antes de contratar a un despacho es recomendable seguir ciertos consejos sobre cà ³mo  elegir abogado de inmigracià ³n  y si no se est en condiciones de hacerlo, es aconsejable contactar con alguna organizacià ³n  reputada de  defensa de los migrantes. Finalmente, los migrantes mexicanos siempre pueden solicitar informacià ³n sobre abogados y otros asuntos migratorios en el telà ©fono gratuito de la CIAM.   Este es un artà ­culo meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Economics - Essay Example 80% CR means the four largest firms produce 80% of the total output while the small firms produce only 20%of the output. Hence, the first and second cases can be described as monopolistic competition and oligopoly respectively (Auerbach, 1998). 2. A high CR for an industry shows that a high concentration of the industry is held by the four largest firms. In other words, the industry is concentrated. At the same time, low CR shows that there are many rivals in the industry while none of them have significant market share. This means that there is high competition in the industry. The reasons for the differences in concentration ratio are identified as economies of scale, entry barriers, compliance with an acceptable code of conduct, mergers, government policy, technological change, vertical integration and market growth (Hay and Morris, 1991).Based on these factors, the market for one industry has low CR and other has high CR. In the high CR industries , the entry barriers will be high, there will be established brands and high product differentiation as well as high profits .In the low CR industries, the entry barriers will be low and under favorable price conditions, newcomers will be encouraged here. 3. In the case of industry with 30% CR, when the demand for the product rises and pushes up the price of the good, new firms will enter the market in the long run. This is because the industry is monopolistically competitive. The production will increase and there will be cost stabilization at the initial levels. Consequently, there will be convergence of the profit rate of firms to same competitive return on capital with differences in risk aside in the long run. Thus, in the long run, there is a tendency to move towards perfect competition in this case with CR being very low (Oster, 1994). 4. In the case of industry with 80% CR, when the demand for product increases and pushes up the price, there will be an