What Are Animal Rights

Animal rights are the belief that animals have a right to be free of human use and exploitation, but there  is a great deal of confusion about what that means. Animal rights are not about putting animals above humans or giving animals the same rights as humans. Also, animal rights are very different from animal welfare. To most animal rights activists, animal rights are grounded in a rejection of  speciesism  and the knowledge that animals have sentience (the ability to suffer). (Learn more about the  basic tenets of animal rights.) Freedom from Human Use and Exploitation Humans use and exploit animals in myriad ways, including  meat,  milk,  eggs,  animal experimentation, fur,  hunting, and  circuses. With the possible exception of animal experimentation, all of these uses of animals are frivolous. People dont need meat, eggs, milk, fur, hunting or circuses. The American Dietetic Association  recognizes  that people can be perfectly healthy as vegans. Regarding animal experimentation, most would agree that testing of cosmetics and household products is unnecessary. A new furniture polish or lipstick seems a frivolous reason to the blind, maim,  and kill hundreds or thousands of rabbits.   Many would also say that scientific experimentation on animals for the sake of science, with no immediate, obvious application to human health, is unnecessary because the suffering of the animals outweighs the satisfaction of human curiosity. This leaves only medical experiments. While animal experimentation may lead to human medical advancements, we cannot morally justify exploiting animals for experiments any more than experiments on mental patients or babies can be justified. Justifications for Animal Exploitation The most common justifications for animal use are: Animals are not intelligent (cannot think/reason).Animals are not as important as people.Animals have no duties.God put animals here for us to use. Rights cannot be determined by the ability to think, or wed have to give intelligence tests to determine which humans deserve rights. This would mean that babies, the mentally disabled and the mentally ill would have no rights. Importance is not a good criterion for rights holding because importance is highly subjective and individuals have their own interests that make each individual important to him/herself. One person may find that their own pets are more important to them than a stranger on the other side of the world, but that doesnt give them the right to kill and eat that stranger. The President of United States might be more important than most people, but that doesnt give the president the right to kill people and mount their heads on the wall as trophies. One could also argue that a single blue whale is more important than any single human being because the species is endangered and every individual is needed to help the population recover. Duties are also not good criteria for rights holding because individuals who are incapable of recognizing or performing duties, such as babies or people with profound disabilities, still have a right not be eaten or experimented on. Furthermore, animals are routinely killed for failing to follow human rules (e.g., the mouse who is killed in a mousetrap), so even if they have no duties, we punish them for failing to abide by our expectations. Religious beliefs are also an inappropriate determination of rights holding because religious beliefs are highly subjective and personal. Even within a religion,  people will disagree  about what God dictates. We shouldnt impose our religious beliefs on others, and using religion to justify animal exploitation imposes our religion on the animals. And keep in mind that the Bible was once used to justify the enslavement of Africans and African Americans in the United States, demonstrating how people often use religion as an excuse to further their personal beliefs. Because there will always be some humans who dont fit the criteria used to justify animal exploitation, the only true distinction between humans and non-human animals are species, which is an arbitrary line to draw between which individuals do and dont have rights. There is no magical dividing line between humans and non-human animals. The Same Rights as Humans? There is a common misconception that animal rights activists want nonhuman animals to have the same rights as people. No one wants cats to have the right to vote, or for dogs to have the right to bear arms. The issue is not whether animals should have the same rights as people, but whether we have a right to use and exploit them for our purposes, however, frivolous they might be. Animal Rights v. Animal Welfare Animal rights are  distinguishable from animal welfare. In general, the term animal rights is the belief that humans do not have a right to use animals for our own purposes. Animal welfare is the belief that humans do have a right to use animals as long as the animals are treated humanely. The animal rights position on  factory farming  would be that we do not have a right to  slaughter animals for food  no matter how well the animals are treated while they are alive, while the animal welfare position might want to see certain  cruel practices  eliminated. Animal welfare describes a broad spectrum of views, while animal rights are more absolute. For example, some animal welfare advocates might want a ban on fur, while others might believe that fur is morally acceptable if the animals are killed humanely and do not suffer for too long in a trap. Animal welfare may also be used describe the speciesist view that certain animals (e.g. dogs, cats, horses) are more deserving of protection than others (e.g. fish, chickens, cows).

Perception in the metamorphosis - 1256 Words

The role of perception in Gregor Samsas identity crisis (Question 2) Tabula Rasa- the theory that individuals are born without essence and are shaped by knowledge and perception- is quite dubious. To what extent does the fact that multiple perceptions of a human being exist affect their identity? German-language writer Franz Kafkas novella The Metamorphosis and one of its themes of the struggle to define ones identity answers some of these questions. Published in 1915, this story is a fictitious account of the protagonist, Gregor Samsas transformation into a gigantic bug and the series of events which occur as he and those around him attempt to adjust to this outrageous transmutation. Throughout the novella, we see Samsa†¦show more content†¦Gregors transformation starts to affect him mentally only once the familys horror at his new appearance was apparent. Their shock confirmed to him his animal identity, and their perception of him as a fearful creature started to affect his mindset. The point that Kafka stresses on consistently throug hout his novella is the familys utter disregard and lack of any appreciation towards Gregors endless contributions to their wellbeing. As Gregor toiled endlessly on a horrid job, his parents fuelled his dehumanisation by supporting his one-sided contributions to them. They perceived Gregor to be their only source of financial backing, and so he started to morph into a machine-like creature under their impression, over the years. For example, when the family becomes aware of Gregor being late, his father can only panic about Gregor having missed the early train. Such behaviour led to Gregors isolation over the years, adding to his mental transformation into the monstrous vermin which he became under his familys projections onto him and his continuous self sacrifice. Kafka emphasizes Gregors impressionable character when he says He (Gregor) was a tool....without brains or a backbone (Kafka 5). Following the metamorphosis, Gregors family attains a level of self sufficiency, as they at tempt to fend for themselves, leaving Gregor feeling purposeless. This gives an idea of how extensive a role perception played upon Gregors identity, as he becomes convincedShow MoreRelatedPerception Changes in Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay example851 Words   |  4 Pageschanges appear and disappear, impacting our lives. Humans perceive change differently and it reveals the true nature of our heart. It is due to the dissension of change between humans that determines the differences in our individual perceptions. In the novel, â€Å" Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, the word change is taken to a entirely absurd degree as the main protagonist, Gregor Samsa is illogically transformed into a bug. Although Gregor’s thoughts still shown traces of his human self, Gregor’s family isRead MoreEssay about The Truth of Perception in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1078 Words   |  5 Pagesourselves. The world does not see eye to eye to what we see. In The Metamorph osis written by Franz Kafka, the protagonist Gregor Samsa, over the course of one night, suddenly transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† Gregor is now physically separated by his family who can only perceive him as his bug-like structure, which results in the disintegration of his emotional turmoil and ultimately death. The exposition of The Metamorphosis beings with a small little room that is symmetrical in every mannerRead MoreAnalysis Of Kafka s The Metamorphosis 989 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Freedman’s critical essay titled â€Å"Kafka’s Obscurity† on Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis delves into the idea that from changes in the protagonist’s physical limitations, familial bonds, and his being â€Å"[he] is finally reduced to a mere speck of self-awareness which is ultimately extinguished† (Freedman 131). General questions of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† are almost immediately dismissed due to the calm and monotonous tone that Kafka implements throughout the novel. Instead, the reader is encouraged toRead MoreMetamorphosis by Frank Kafka875 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Kafka’s short story Metamorphosis involves an element of horror derived from the unchallenged acceptance provided by everyone, including Gregor himself to his transfor mation into a vermin- cockroach. Kafka, renowned for his surrealism, tries to create a universe where a seemingly unrealistic reality containing chaos, corruption and immorality, is in fact reality, and an actually consistent perception of the truly horrid nature of human existence under the influence of society. Set against theRead MoreThe Existential Isolation And Biopsychological Change1519 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the Existential Isolation and Biopsychological Change in The Metamorphosis and â€Å"Letter to my Father† by Franz Kafka and Unwelcome Visitors† by Tessa Farmer This literary and art analysis will define the correlation between the writings of Kafka and the installation art of Tessa Farmer’s in relation to the themes of existential isolation and biopsychological change. Gregor’s anxiety in The Metamorphosis is partially due to the alienation of society, which cases an existential periodRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis.. Franz Kafka Owns A Part Of The1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka owns a part of the human emotional spectrum, which the world can now call the Kafkaesque, a term for someone who exhibits nightmarish qualities of Kafka’s fictional world (Franz Kafka). Kafka’s twisted world is in no way pleasant, very Kafkaesque. It feels like a nightmare, and yet it is a place where many people, if only for a moment, will end up. Kafka’s most appreciated piece of literature, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† creates an extension of Kafka’s life throughRead MorePersonal Experiences Reflected in Metamorphosis by Gregor Samsa1061 Words   |  5 Pages Topic 2 Writing, like other forms of art, draws upon an artist’s inspirations. Either subtly or overtly, an artist’s interactions and perception of the world influences their piece. Franz Kafka, born into a Jewish family in Prague, incorporated many of his life experiences into his work The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis presents many connections between the life of the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and Kafka himself. Some literary analysts claim it serves as an outlet for his distraught lifeRead MoreEffects of Loneliness and Isolation in the Short Stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1512 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of loneliness and isolation in the short stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† In Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the reader can easily see demonstrated the effects of the alienation and loneliness both of the main characters experience. The feeling of loneliness and the state of alienation leave the characters changed from who they were and manages to completelyRead MoreMetamorphosis, By Franz Kafka1335 Words   |  6 PagesSociety can be cruel to people who do not fit in and art can help to break the pain. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, is a reflection of his unsettled relationship with his family and society. Franz Kafka creates a hideous creature, a monstrous insect, to show how he feels in his reality. Gregor, in Metamorphosis, is a tool for Kafka to psychoanalyze his perceived deficiency in society and communicate his contemplations on his meaning in life. Franz Kafka s estrangement from his family and societyRead MoreReview Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 958 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several aspects about the writing of Franz Kafka that make it enticing to the reader and tantalizing enough to keep the reader intrigued. The narrative that I find most intriguing by Kafka is The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis is a tale wherein Kafka essentially gives his perception of the story of his life through the use of storytelling devices, which without the use of them would have made it a less interesting tale. Franz Kafka was born on July 3rd, 1883. Kafka was a German writer

Impact of Jet Free Essays

C IMPACT OF JET EXPERIMENT 1 Aim To find the impact force caused by a fluid jet on a horizontal plate and a hemispherical shell and compare it with the expected theoretical force. 2 Theory When a rubber ball strikes a solid surface it nicely rebounds from the solid surface. The amount of rebound would depend on the coefficient of restitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Jet or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when a steady fluid jet strikes a solid surface, it does not rebound. But, a stream of fluid is formed which moves over the surface and the fluid leaves the surface tangentially. If a fluid jet is impacting a horizontal plate, at an angle ? the rate of change of momentum can be equated to the force exerted by the jet on the plate. When a vertical fluid jet strikes a horizontally positioned plate, the value of ? will be 90Â °. A control volume analysis can be performed to give the force F = ? QV, (1) where ? is the density of the water, Q is the jet flow rate and V is the velocity of the jet. For the case of a hemispherical shell when the stream of water is turned back by 180o, the force experienced by the shell will be F = 2? QV, (2) two times the force experienced by the flat plate. Experimental Set-up The set up consists of a closed cylindrical container housing the horizontal plate/hemispherical shell to receive the impact of the jet. The vertical water jet is produced by a pump forcing water through a nozzle of diameter 6mm for the flat plate and of diameter 8mm for the hemispherical set up. The flow rate through the nozzle is measured by a rotameter. The velocity of jet could be obtained by knowing the flow rate. 4 Experimental Procedure Switch on the motor and using the two gate valves control the flow rate. Place suitable weights to counter balance the impact force of the liquid jet. When the load is higher than the impact load of the jet, the jet will be blocked by the plate. When the load is low the load arm will rise up and touch the top part of the housing. Adjust the flow rate for any selected weight so that the load arm stays in the middle of the distance from the nozzle tip to the top part of the housing. Ensure that the steady flow rate is maintained and take at least six independent measurements by choosing six different flow rates that would balance the weights. Important steps 1 Allow the float to be steady before you start noting down the readings. 2 Ensure that the fluid jet nicely counter balances the weight it is carrying. Flat plate S. No. Flow Rate Q (m3/s) Velocity V (m/s) Force (Experimental) Fex (N) Force (Theoretical) Fth (N) S. No. Flow Rate Q (m3/s) Hemispherical shell Velocity V (m/s) Force (Experimental) Fex (N) Force (Theoretical) Fth (N) 5 Results and Discussion Plot the following graphs. Fex vs Fth 2. Fex/(1/2 ? V2 A) vs Re=Vd/? , where A is the area of cross section of the jet and Re is the Reynolds number of the jet 1. The graphs for the flat plate and the hemispherical shell should be plotted on the same graph. Based on these plots answer the following questions 1. Do a control volume formulation to derive (1) and (2). 2. Why is the force independent of the area of the plate/shell? 3. What is the slope of the Fex vs F th plot. What should the ideal value of this slope be? If the slope is different from the ideal value, why is it different. 4. What non dimensional number is the y axis of the second plot? What is the significance of the variation this non dimensional number that you observe from your experiments? How to cite Impact of Jet, Papers

Elmer Kelton Essay Example For Students

Elmer Kelton Essay In Elmer Keltons â€Å"Politically Correct or Historically Correct† he mentionsabout the way people see and describe historical events. Some people can describean event completly diffrent then how another person is describing it simplybecause it was seen in a different way then the other person. In fact, it could evenbe because one of the people is describing or telling the event the way it was toldto him by someone else or simply because it is the way that he wants to interpretthat event. Many of the people that write about historical events have a tendencyto leave the bad side of it and always talke about the good side of things. Most of the historical books where written by men, or that is what mostpeople think. It is very difficult to find a book written by a women especially if itwas in the West. Kelton stated that there were books written by women but it wasdifficult to find them. Actually this is true, but it has changed, through out theyear, there have been more books written by women and other minorities. Kelton also talks about some civilizations that were established to the south,in Mexico, like Aztecs, and Mayan, and about how they were built by fighting,enslaving, sacrifices and the destruction of others. This kind of gives you an ideaof how these civilizations came about in Mexico and what kind of civilized peoplethey were. Indian tirbe would fight about everything, most would not recognize othertribes as the same race, but as being a different tribe, an enemy. Many of thepeople from these tribes were killed because of a battle that arose over huntingrights or simply because they were diffrent. A lot of the things that Elmer Kelton talks about in his work â€Å"Politically Correct orHistorically Correct† is just to inform the readers that history did not alwayshappen the way it is described, written or told by historians and writers. Somepeople see history in different ways for the simple fact that they do not see them inthe same way or from the same angle. I found Elmer Keltons work to beinformative for the simple reason that it talks about some things that other booksdont even mention and things that people could never know unless people were toactually taslk to someone that was present through out many of the historicalevents through out time. History Essays

Must-Dos For Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Most writers could stand to improve their essay writing skills. Thats because essay writing is an art honed over time and with practice. Though some people may be naturally good at writing, a good essay is more than that. It requires a tight, well-defined thesis, and a developed argument thats simply stated and uses credible research to back it up. And of course, the artistry of writing requires precise vocabulary, transition words and active voice. If youre in need of some improvements in your essay writing, here are some areas to focus on: Read more One of the first things you can do to improve your essay writing skills is dedicate more time to reading. The more you read, the more youll be exposed to different styles of writing. Eventually, youll identify qualities that you want to adopt in your own writing. Do research before you write Its important to do all of your research before you write. You should take notes while doing your research, but the actual essay writing should only come later. Make sure your ideas have had time to mature enough before you start trying to put them together. Be patient and take things one step at a time. If youve done all of your research and taken good notes, the arguments youll use should be fairly easy for you to define. Rushing into the writing process prematurely can mean you have to change your arguments as you come up with more research. This will make for a jumbled essay in the end. Avoid repetition Writers often make the mistake of repeating the same word or group of words too many times in their essays. This causes boring reading. Use a thesaurus to see what other words you can use to capture the same idea. If there is no replacement for the word(s) youre writing, try using third person pronouns more often (he/she/it/they) or abbreviations for long titles. Example: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to vote on whether or not to allow a mining company do a land survey on their reservation. The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation voted against granting permission. The mining company attempted to file a law suit and the Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation held a meeting at the city hall. A better version: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to vote on whether or not to allow a mining company do a land survey on their reservation. They voted against granting permission. The mining company attempted to file a law suit and The Council held a meeting at the city hall. Cite facts, statistics, dates and expert opinions Using numbers and statistics gives credibility to your argument as well as creates an impact. Which of the following statements has a stronger impact? There are far fewer polar bears in the Yukon today than there were a few decades ago. Vs. The population of polar bears in the Yukon has been reduced by 1,000% between 1980 and 2010. Citing the opinions of experts in the field also allows the reader to trust the rest of your observations. Example: The devastation of the polar bear population in the Yukon is one of the most severe of any species on the planet. Vs. Dr. Sheffield from the University of Toronto gave a speech at a convention on wildlife conservation where he lamented that â€Å"few places on the planet have suffered such severe loss of a single species as in the Yukon.† Improve your vocabulary The more words you know, the more variety of words you can use in your essays. Simple math. A more ample vocabulary can provide you with the tools to write more interesting essays. It can also help you acquire a higher level of precision in your arguments. For example, if youre writing about bee-keeping, you could use the word â€Å"apiculture† which is the technical word for bee-keeping. If youre writing about religious cults, you could use the word â€Å"indoctrinate† which means â€Å"teach a person or group of persons to accept a teaching uncritically†. Precise language helps you economize on explanations. But know when to keep it simple Writing with precise language is one thing. Showing off is another. Dont litter your essay with sophisticated vocabulary words. Dont use â€Å"insouciant† when you could use â€Å"indifferent† or â€Å"turgid† when you could use â€Å"tedious†. You dont want to force your reader to reach for the dictionary every few sentences. The majority of readers wouldnt bother. You want your essay to be readable to the layperson. The feature of your essay is your argument: if you present it simply, it will be easy to grasp. And thats one of the goals of good essay writing. Use transition words Transition words are key to guiding the reader from one argument to the next. They help improve the essays readability and flow. Some transition words to incorporate in your essays: However Furthermore Moreover Nevertheless Also Including On the other hand In spite of Check out this site for a comprehensive list of transition words and when to use them. Use active verbs Writers often fall into the trap of using passive voice in their essays. Try using active voice instead. Its more direct and gives more life to your sentences. Example: The research done on nuclear energy has left many questions still unanswered. Vs. Nuclear energy research still has many questions to answer. The last surviving member of the Terena tribe had died the year before. Vs. The last surviving member of the Terena tribe died in 2014. Use a writing app Since we live in the digital age, there are apps that can tell you how your essay can be improved. Try one or all of the following: Hemingway highlights problem areas of your essay with color coding for things like passive voice, adverbs, complex sentences and more. Grammarly advanced spell checker and grammar checker as well as plagiarism detector. ProWriting Aid checks for grammar, style and readability.

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos Lo que puede costar  un abogado de migracià ³n en Estados Unidos depende del estado, de la clase de tramitacià ³n, del tipo de contrato, de su fama, etc. Este artà ­culo informa sobre honorarios promedio que cobran los abogados migratorios por tipo de trmites pero tambià ©n sobre causas para entender las grandes diferencias en los costos y las distintas formas de trabajar de los letrados en Estados Unidos que pueden afectar al monto final de los servicios. Factores que influyen en los honorarios de abogados de migracià ³n El monto de lo que cobra un abogado depende de varios factores, empezando por la dificultad de cada caso ya que no todos son iguales y los ms complejos son los ms caros. Otro factor a tener en cuenta es la ubicacià ³n de la oficina del letrado.  Hay una gran diferencia entre lo que se puede cobrar de un estado a otro, incluso dentro del mismo estado, de un pueblo a una ciudad grande. Asimismo debe tenerse en consideracià ³n el tipo de contrato entre el cliente y el letrado.  Por un lado hay  abogados que cobran por hora  un costo que puede ir entre $100 y $500. Por el contrario otros letrados cobran una cantidad fija segà ºn el tipo de tramitacià ³n. Esto à ºltimo es muy comà ºn entre abogados de inmigracià ³n. En algunos casos, por ejemplo, en las peticiones de una tarjeta de residencia para un familiar, es posible un acuerdo entre abogado y cliente, de tal manera que se paga una cantidad inicial al principio y cuando va avanzando el caso se paga el resto del dinero. Si este es el caso hay que tener muy claro cunto se paga y en quà © momento. Los gastos escondidos pueden incrementar enormemente el costo final de un trmite.  Por ejemplo, a la hora de cerrar un acuerdo con un abogado hay que tener muy claro si actividades extras como acudir a corte, visitar un detenido, etc, estn incluidos o hay que pagarlos a mayores. Y en este caso, cul serà ­a el costo. Los desplazamientos a centros de detencià ³n pueden ser carà ­simos, por eso en este caso preguntar si es posible que el abogado consulte con el detenido por telà ©fono.  Incluso hay que saber si se paga a mayores por traducciones, fotocopias, preparacià ³n de entrevistas etc. Preguntar explà ­citamente si en el precio que se paga van incluidas cosas como hablar con el USCIS si estos dicen que no se ha recibido un documento que se ha enviado. Responder a un RFE, es decir, presentar ms evidencias cuando Inmigracià ³n asà ­ lo pide, etc. Adems, la buena fama de un despacho de abogados con un amplio rà ©cord de casos ganados en su especialidad le permite cobrar ms que la media de sus compaà ±eros de profesià ³n. Finalmente es muy importante tener en cuenta que en los precios que cobran los abogados por sus servicios no estn incluidas las cuotas (fees en inglà ©s ) que hay que pagarle al USCIS o en su caso a un consulado. Esas cuotas se abonan a mayores (verifica si puedes calificar para no hacer el pago de la cuota). Listado de precios medios que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n Consulta: puede ser gratuita, pero es muy comà ºn cobrar a partir de $100. Tambià ©n es posible que se cobre menos si es por telà ©fono y ms si es presencial. Y que se limite el tiempo de la consulta, por lo que es importante ir preparado y saber todo lo que se quiere preguntar.Visa de fiancà © (prometido de ciudadano): una gran variacià ³n, desde $340 a $2.000Renovacià ³n, extensià ³n de una visa B1/B2 (turista, paseo o placer): $300-$2.000Visa de turista: $500 a $1.000DACA o Accià ³n diferida para Dreamers: de $200 a $500. Incluso $1.000 en casos complicados. Hay numerosas organizaciones sin fines de lucro que brindan estos servicios gratuitamente a los muchachos que califican para la renovacià ³n de la Accià ³n Diferida.Formulario N-400 para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n: $400-$1.000 y ms si hay complicaciones o es una aplicacià ³n que se hace a los tres aà ±os de recibir la residencia.Visa TN para profesionales mexicanos: a partir de $500V isa J-1, no objection waiver: $500Visa J-1, otras clases de waiver: a partir de $3.000 Visa P para atletas o deportistas: $3.000Preparacià ³n de entrevista: $300 y msMocià ³n para reabrir un caso: $3.000Peticià ³n de los papeles para un familiar (I-130): entre $500 y $1.800. Remocià ³n de condiciones de tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio: $500Ajuste de estatus: $600-$ 2.500I-90 para reemplazar la tarjeta de residencia: $500Permiso de trabajo: $350-$400Perdà ³n por inadmisibilidad 212(d)(3), para no inmigrantes que no pueden obtener visa por razones como salud, prostitucià ³n, ciertos rà ©cords criminales, contrabando de personas o presencia ilegal. $1.000-$2.000Perdà ³n (waiver) 601 o el 601A- ms de $4.000Visa H-1B: $900-$1.000 sin el certificado de trabajoLabor certification Perm: $5.000Visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia: $500-$3.000Tarjeta de residencia por patrocinio del empleador: $1.800Visa L-1, transfer dentro de una misma empresa: $3.500 - $5.000Visa O-1, para personas con habilidades especiales: $2.500-$5.000Visa E2 para inversionistas: en torno a l os $5,000 incluyendo solamente los gastos de la visa. Con inclusià ³n de otros trmites como elaboracià ³n plan negocios la preparacià ³n del paquete completo puede rondar los $9.000. Visa de estudiante: $500-$1.500Waiver para la tarjeta de residencia por interà ©s nacional: $5.000Advance parole que se solicita independientemente de otros trmites: $350-$750El costo por representacià ³n de abogado por casos de asilo, al ser muy particulares dependiendo de las circunstancias del solicitante, pueden variar enormemente. Pero hay que esperar un costo alto, como unos $5.000 por el asilo afirmativo y $7.000 o ms por uno defensivo. Consultas gratuitas con abogados de migracià ³n Algunos abogados brindan la posibilidad de consultas gratuitas, que pueden ser de dos clases. En primer lugar, un pequeà ±o contacto con el abogado o una persona de su equipo, generalmente por telà ©fono. Se trata de ver mà ­nimamente si hay posibilidad de sacar adelante un caso migratorio. En segundo lugar, existe la modalidad de pagar por una consulta pero si posteriormente se decide contratar al abogado del monto total del trmite se descuenta la cantidad pagada por la entrevista inicial. En estos casos, aunque habrà ­a inicialmente el pago de la consulta, al final se recobrarà ­a ese dinero en la forma de descuento sobre la cantidad final a pagar.  ¿Quà © hacer si no se puede pagar abogado? Hay ciertos situaciones donde lo ms aconsejable es contar siempre con un letrado. Por ejemplo, casos en los que honestamente es mejor siempre tener un abogado al lado: citaciones en corte de inmigracià ³n.peticiones de perdones,asilo, tanto para la solicitud como para la entrevista,solicitudes de green card auto patrocinadas en casos de violencia domà ©stica (VAWA)y, en general, en todos los casos en los que hay una situacià ³n de ilegalidad y se intenta pasar a la legalidad. Si es imposible pagar el coste de un abogado, intentar que acepte el caso uno que realiza labores pro bono, es decir, acepta representar a algunos clientes sin cobrar por cuestiones humanitarias. Si no es posible, ya que generalmente tiene listas de espera grandes para estos casos en los que no cobran, intentar hablar con un representante acreditado. Y aunque es cierto que en las cortes de inmigracià ³n es posible representarse a sà ­ mismo y que el gobierno no pone abogado a aquellos acusados que no pueden costearlo, pero lo cierto es que los resultados no son positivos. Contar con un abogado que represente a un acusado en corte de inmigracià ³n no quiere decir que se vaya a ganar el caso, pero sà ­ que se va a tener una mayor oportunidad. En casos de sà ³lo llenar formularios es posible, y la ley asà ­ lo admite, llenarlos uno mismo o acudir a un consejero de inmigracià ³n, que ha de cobrar menos que un abogado. Pero hay que entender que no pueden dar consejo legal para un caso concreto ni tampoco representar en corte de inmigracià ³n, si hiciera falta. Tambià ©n se puede acudir a solicitar ayuda a organizaciones sin fin de lucro que brindan apoyo legal o para llenar documentos. Los hay muy reconocidos y no cobran nada o sà ³lo una pequeà ±a cantidad. Pero muchas veces no pueden hacerse cargo de todos los casos porque estn literalmente desbordados de trabajo. Tips que te pueden interesar Antes de contratar a un despacho es recomendable seguir ciertos consejos sobre cà ³mo  elegir abogado de inmigracià ³n  y si no se est en condiciones de hacerlo, es aconsejable contactar con alguna organizacià ³n  reputada de  defensa de los migrantes. Finalmente, los migrantes mexicanos siempre pueden solicitar informacià ³n sobre abogados y otros asuntos migratorios en el telà ©fono gratuito de la CIAM.   Este es un artà ­culo meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Economics - Essay Example 80% CR means the four largest firms produce 80% of the total output while the small firms produce only 20%of the output. Hence, the first and second cases can be described as monopolistic competition and oligopoly respectively (Auerbach, 1998). 2. A high CR for an industry shows that a high concentration of the industry is held by the four largest firms. In other words, the industry is concentrated. At the same time, low CR shows that there are many rivals in the industry while none of them have significant market share. This means that there is high competition in the industry. The reasons for the differences in concentration ratio are identified as economies of scale, entry barriers, compliance with an acceptable code of conduct, mergers, government policy, technological change, vertical integration and market growth (Hay and Morris, 1991).Based on these factors, the market for one industry has low CR and other has high CR. In the high CR industries , the entry barriers will be high, there will be established brands and high product differentiation as well as high profits .In the low CR industries, the entry barriers will be low and under favorable price conditions, newcomers will be encouraged here. 3. In the case of industry with 30% CR, when the demand for the product rises and pushes up the price of the good, new firms will enter the market in the long run. This is because the industry is monopolistically competitive. The production will increase and there will be cost stabilization at the initial levels. Consequently, there will be convergence of the profit rate of firms to same competitive return on capital with differences in risk aside in the long run. Thus, in the long run, there is a tendency to move towards perfect competition in this case with CR being very low (Oster, 1994). 4. In the case of industry with 80% CR, when the demand for product increases and pushes up the price, there will be an

The US and European approaches to fighting terrorism Research Paper

The US and European approaches to fighting terrorism - Research Paper Example Terrorism can simply be defined as strategies to coerce or cause terror. The official Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) definition of terrorism takes apart domestic and international terrorism.The FBI (2002) explains, "Domestic terrorism refers to activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." It further says, "International terrorism involves violent acts or acts of dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state." (White p4)The European believes that the security at home and overseas can be accomplished if there is stability and development in the Mediterranean. In France where there is a large population of Muslim and Jews, practically every significant domestic political issue from crimes, immigration, and anti-Semitism, has an imperative Mediterranean dimension. They perceive that the source of terrorism lie in the economic, social and political discriminations that are prevalent on the southern seaside of the Mediterranean and as such can only be addressed through a broad structure that hits at the deepest causes of terrorism. During the time that the Soviet Union crumbled, the members of the European Union no longer saw possible North-South conflicts or nuclear threats. Instead, they saw various south-south conflicts and series of new transnational risks such as illegal trafficking of arms, drugs and even persons; terrorism connected to numerous religious issues; immigration. EU further believes that European security should be less focused on military conditions instead to s ocial and political development of Mediterranean. In the United States, the FBI is a part of vast criminal justice machinery tasked to maintaining legal and political order. They deal with terrorism based on how they perceive acts related to it. According to the FBI, "Terrorist acts are intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum." However, other people are apprehensive about the way the US defines terrorism since some in the Muslim countries believe that the values of the Islam are threatened by the materialism of the West. The US focus to fighting terrorism is to strengthen its military cap acities. They are plagued by what had happened during the 9/11 that US became aggressive in terms of fighting terrorism. Even when countries are cooperating fully, there is no way to suppress or prohibit every conceivable terrorist movement or conspiracy. A more realistic situation would be to increase considerably the costs and risks that criminals and terrorists face when they choose to engage in conspiracies. Further than that, more measures can be taken. The United States can work more with European partners to strengthen states in

Developing coaching and mentoring within organisations Essay - 1

Developing coaching and mentoring within organisations - Essay Example To achieve the above objective the report follows the chartered institute of personnel and development (CIPD) assessment activity. Five different models of coaching and mentoring were evaluated. Models assessed include; Boyatzis, iceberg, 5Rsdiagram, RAM model, and wheels of good practices. Richard Boyatzis’ model is based on a formula that he had developed that involved the intention to change stage to a long lasting behavioural change. According to Boyatzis (2008) an individual can achieve sustainable change only if he envisions the ideal self. In fact, the Boyatzis Model necessitates an honest assessment of oneself if it is to prove effective within the organization. This model transforms the behaviour of the individual The above model by Boyatzis has many strengths such as giving individuals a sense of direction and responsibility, developing their skills, abilities and capabilities, helps them conceptualize things and become more proactive and self – confident about their work. The weaknesses, though few, depends upon the individuals themselves. These include, the background they come from, the language they speak, their ability to converse and move with other individuals of different backgrounds, their beliefs and customs etc. Sigmund Freud’s ‘Iceberg Model’ depicts three levels of human consciousness, where the unconscious mind is the biggest part, but it is repressed. According to Freud, this repressed or hidden part, it is most influential. The second part is the mid section that is influenced to a certain extent by the brain. The third part is the conscious portion that we make use of o a daily basis and this is the portion responsible for all our thoughts and actions. In Freud’s opinion, all our thoughts and actions are influenced by the hidden unconscious mind. Freud’s Iceberg Model can be made use of within an organization to

The Role Of A Job Description Business Essay

The Role Of A Job Description Business Essay Job descriptions are the duties and requirements that are necessary for the recruitment of an employee. It is a list of general chores, duties and role of the employee for a specific and general job. Without job description a person cannot perform his role accordingly. In simple words job description is the basic or main responsibilities that an employee is supposed to perform for any organisation or company. Any job description must contain these things a) A job summary b) A list of job function c) Requirements d) Other information a) A job summary A job summary means detail information regarding the general tasks and duties of the job. b) A list of job functions It means the list of those functions and duties that an employee needs to perform his duty. c) Requirements For different jobs there are different requirements. The job description must contain the specific requirements for the job. d) Other requirements If there are any other requirements for a specific job a job description explains those relevant requirements. There are two types of job descriptions one is known as general job description and the other one is known as specific job description. The difference between both is described as under. General Job description is a list of general duties and functions that are required for a position. In general job description we will straightway get the knowledge that we need to contact for applying a job and we also do not need to read extra details about the company or the job. If an ad of a job is short and brief and does not explain any specific duty that a person needs to perform then it comes under general job description. For example if there is an ad that says that a company needs a manager, but does not explains any details regarding the requirement of the job. It comes under general jobs description. In specific job description the employee needs some specific qualifications or skills to perform his/her job. Sometimes it also explains some extra information regarding benefits, allowances and nature of the job. For example if there is an ad that says company needs a manager who must have computer skills, needs some experience in public dealing and also explains the information regarding pay, tax, working hours, then its comes under specific job description. The purpose of job description is to have the clear summary of liabilities and tasks. Job description plays a very important role in organizational resource management .It develops an organisation in managing and improving the abilities of the people in the following ways:- a) It provides the origin of assessing job performance. b) It explains that what an employer is expecting from his employee in the performance of his duties. c) By job description the grading and pay systems can be organised honestly and rationally. If there is any dispute or issue of employer/employee job description provides necessary reference tools for that purpose. e) Job description describes the necessary reference implements for discipline matters. f) It describes the clear role of the candidate for the job. g) It describes the structure, rules and regulations for a company or an organization to guarantee obligatory deeds, liabilities and tasks. It provides foundation to measure performance of a job. It provides necessary ideas for development and training. Job description enables an organization to organise its function in a constant mode and by this way an organisation can increase its effectiveness and success. Q No: Design a job description reflecting strategies of recruitment team? A job description explains duties, abilities, efforts and responsibilities, as well as working atmosphere, experience. RGIS is a company that provides inventory services to its customers. The job that we have selected for discussion is AUDITORS of the company. RGIS Inventory takers are members of a team that work together to physically count inventory for companys clients and enter information into RGIS equipment. Inventory to be counted varies from place to place and client to client. The items that needs to be counted are located at different places and various heights. In every store usually Inventory takes 5-6 hours to be done but sometimes it may takes longer than that depends upon the size of the place and numbers of items to be counted. All the auditors are given proper training before starting their jobs, in which they learn how to use the equipment, way of counting, how to work as a team, to give good performance even under pressure, follow company rules, count fast and accurate. To become an auditor of the company minimum age limit is 18 years. He needs to be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide in all units of measure with whole numbers, common fractions and decimals either with the calculator or 10-key audit. If he has some experience working as team in a customer services that would be preferable. He must have proper CRB check. In RGIS every single employee is given an equal opportunity of getting promotion according to their performance during their job. An auditor needs to be capable of using hand held computers and other inventory tools. He has to establish average per hour count goals along with accuracy and fast speed. He has to follow all the company polices and procedures. He needs to be capable of working in different shifts and different hours, sometime shorter and some time longer. He should be capable of working in different environments such as warehouse, stores etc. He should narrate information clearly and accurately both in writing form and verbally. He must have the ability to fulfil the other duties as ask by the management. While counting, the auditor has to stand for longer hours and needs to be very efficient. Some time he has to work for extended period of time so he also needs to be flexible. He needs to keep balance while counting stock from ladder as during work he has to use ladder and step up to 8 high. As auditor has to go different places for away and nearby so he should be able to travel by car and plane i ncluding overnight stays. This job is suitable for the person who wants to earn some extra money and want to work with flexible hours. The best thing working in RGIS is that you can work hours of your own choice. In RGIS there are different categories of auditors. In the beginning they are recruited as an auditor but if they work hard and devotedly they can reach the highest post of the company. After auditor they become specialist and then an expert. There are two types of counters one is single scanner and the other one is multiple counter. The person who can do both types of count fast and accurate is known as expert. After becoming an expert there are doors open for the auditors to take further training and to apply for the higher post in the company that is supervisor, area manager etc. MARKETING Marketing means the procedure to create, communicate, deliver and exchange the offers that are important and valuable for the customers, clients and partners. Marketing is a process through which a company develop its business. Marketing is used to grip, detect and satisfy the customer. To achieve an organizational goal it is very necessary to understand the requirements and demands of the market and to satisfy those demands and requirements. The word marketing suggests that to achieve a target an organization should fulfil the demands of the customers in advance and to satisfy them. OPERATIONS Operation means the regular actions which are necessary for the running of a business or an organization. Operation converts supply or data inputs into desired result to generate and value the customers. In concept, it is a modest plan Make clients delay longer, and fewer of them will come back. But real exercise is difficult. The fresh advertising advantage becomes reasons in changing operating developments that rise customer service. The increase in waiting times shakes different market sections inversely, but generally causes a decrease in customer gratification, and therefore, repurchases. Consequently, the marketing creativity has costs, as well as beneficial. Manipulating those prices, though, is far from a simple matter. Lately, industrial influences have been given much less courtesy than promotion issues as a main part in positive company policy. Though, as early as 1969, Harvard University Professor Wickham Skinner claimed that manufacturing was a lost connection in business tactic. He recommended that directors incline to evade participation in manufacturing strategy creation, and manufacturing managers are unaware of business plan and a function that could be a valued advantage and tool of business policy develops an obligation instead. Hayes and Wheelwright recommend that there has been a rising gratitude that manufacturing can be a tough modest weapon if armed and achieved correctly, and that a key to doing that is the growth of an intelligible manufacturing strategy. In addition, they claim that modest strategy can only be fruitful when industrial strategy works in concert with the other efficient policies. A current study by Hanna and Stahl establish that the topmost business companies highlight quality/ consistency and to a smaller grade customer service factors in their company plans. However, these studies were made among big companies. They suppose that trade aspects would be given substantial position in business plan in many corporations since typically the proprietors of small business companies have their background in mechanical extents. Development in product value and decrease in product price were the two policy features which were mostly designated as the main donors to enhanced firm performance. This result is reinforced by other trainings about the position of strategic factors in trading. In the marketing zone, there was a broader variation between companies with respect to the most important factors, and no specific policies seemed to be strongly favoured. Numerous studies of the dynamic edge between marketing and operations are found in. Though, most of the previous work has considered the subtleties of the marketing-operations interface using only one product with deterministic requirements. For instance, the above-cited work by Porteus and Whang has measured a single-period model with numerous end-products. The quoted Porteus and Whang model emphases on developing suitable inducements to make the exertions of selfish marketing and operations managers result in a worldwide optimum. Neither that model nor the other above-cited models, however, emphasis on connections between different makes and the effect of rivalry. Marketing estimates of product ingesting and forecasts of the success of imminent marketing policies to trade a product is very vital to operative administration which base product manufacture agendas on marketing estimates and calculations. Though, marketing is an enormously active area and, therefore, a good market model for a specific product group must reflect a wide variety of variables to confirm the best model possible. Heretofore none of the studies or research accepted have adequately carried composed or proposed a combined system which permits for inter-firm collaboration/policymaking between marketing and operative administration using a comprehensive market model which is geared to produce products and permits for numerous contestants, marketing plans, expected customer ingesting, communication with like product brands, and overall market fitness. The comparative status of these actions and marketing policy aspects for secure presentation was also verified. The consequences of a numerous reversion study, using real trade development as the reliant on variable, specified that the most creative policy features were developments in service to the customer, enhancements in fresh material excellence and upgrading in preparation. However, these policies seemed to benefit only those firms where a) whole business demand was rising and b) there was significant hi-tech alteration happening in the business. Astonishingly, stress on the marketing strategy issues did not seem to be a main causal issue in sales evolution. Upgrading in service to the customer, though, it is also a procedure feature which may have a significant marketing module as well. Q No 4: Importance of qualification, sustainability for an organization in job description? Ans: A job description helps an employee to understand that what performance he needs to show and what are the expectations from him. The job description helps the employee to realise the clear scope of their job and their position in the organisation. For any job qualification is a very important factor. Qualification gives the information about the skills of a candidate. It explains that what necessary education or specific skills are required for a particular job and either a person is eligible for a certain position or not. In modern business period training plays a substantial role. To beat the competitors it is essential not only to equip your staff but also to provide necessary training along with the required needs of time. There are certain reasons to give training to the staff. The fast revolution of technology has influenced the workplace and has made it essential for people to appraise their knowledge and skills. People have to work in different fields and categories whic h generally demand far more from their extent of specialty. To fulfil the future manpower needs of organisation training is very necessary. Change in management style, for personal development and for the advancement of career training and development is very essential. By training and development an organisation can achieve its target more effectively and more quickly. For sustainability, employers would have to share an idea to develop a sustainability strategy for the expansion of organizations budget, employment model, to expand a capital model and to secure funding. Workforce planning is the procedure to consider a companys current and future employment requirements. If the workforce planning is effective it helps a company to identify and plan how to tackle their current and future workforce challenges and significances. The easiest way for the development of workforce is to find the exact number of people, having precise abilities in the accurate position at the perfect time. The organization should keep into consideration the number of employees but also keep in mind the necessary abilities that are essential for the business. The organization has to increase its manufacturing abilities. There are some examples to show that the abilities and knowledge are essential for job description. If a person is highly educated and has some extra qualif ication with some specialization degree he would be a preferable candidate for a job. An employee must contain sufficient knowledge to manage transform in an administration and to develop and apply efficient plans. He should be self-appealing and has the competency to work on his own proposals. Good communication power is very necessary as he should be capable of communicating with the executives in different aspects. All these examples show that qualification and sustainability are very important for an organization in job description. Job description helps the person to apply for the exact position in the organization and also helps the organization to choose the appropriate person for the required position. Conclusion

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

You Can’t Pray A Lie is a pivotal excerpt taken from Mark Twain’s classic The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Like Twain’s other works, this example of moral truth and consequence undermines the basic sense of human values. Set in the 1880’s on a raft upon the Mississippi River, Huck is caught in a battle of personal conflicting views. It is through his interactions with Jim, a runaway black slave, that he faces the realization that being ultimately true to himself means that he cannot â€Å"pray a lie.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim had run away from his abusive father and enabling small town to find himself traveling down the Mississippi on a raft. His traveling partner was a black slave, Jim. Wondering why Jim was there, Huck discovers that Jim had run away from his slave owner, Ms. Watson. Jim had spoken about his harsh life as a slave, and resented talk of being sold down to Orleans for a â€Å"big stack o’ money.† Huck felt that Jim’s escape was wrong, but kept his promise of secrecy, like any good friend would.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In lieu of his escape, Jim emphasized his feelings of becoming a free man. Jim said it made him all over trembly and feverish to be so close to freedom (p. 238). Huck came to the realization that Jim was escaping for a far different reason than he, and began to see this â€Å"nigger’s† freedom as his own fault; he was an accomplice. Huck’s conscience became plagued by the fact that Jim was escaping the custody of his rightful owner, and he was doing nothing to stop this. In Huck’s eyes, Jim was essentially the property of poor old Ms. Watson, who didn’t do anything less than teach Jim his manners and his books. Altogether, Huck felt that he was doing wrong by concealing this, and felt miserable to say the least.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim’s anticipation for freedom grew higher as he expressed his future dreams and aspirations. Jim began saying things that â€Å"niggers† wouldn’t normally dare say. Jim was speaking like a white man, not like someone’s property, a slave. This attitude began to lower Huck’s vision of Jim, and his conscience grew even hotter. Huck had never been exposed to a slave who spoke this way. It was his inadequate education that told him this was wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim stopped the raft with intentions of surrendering Jim. At this point he heard Jim yell: â€Å"Pooty soon I’ll be a-shout’n for joy, en I’ll say, it’s on accounts o’Huck; I’s a free man, en I couldn’t ever ben free ef it hadn’ been for Huck; Huck done it.

Literary Elements of Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever

The short story, â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton, reveals numerous popular literary elements. Some of the most prominent examples of literary elements are irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing. All three elements create the feel and atmosphere of the short story. They add illustration, mystery, and humor to the storyline. The irony in â€Å"Roman Fever† begins when the two daughters refer to their mothers as â€Å"young things†. This is verbal irony because their two mothers were described as aged and matronly, so the daughters were obviously mocking their mothers (Petry 1). When Alida Slade reveals that she wrote the letter to Grace Ansley telling her to meet Delphin at the Colosseum instead of Delphin himself, it is situational irony because all along, Grace thought that Delphin had wrote her the letter and had believed it for twenty five years. All that time, Alida had the idea that she had tricked Grace, but when Grace informed her that Delphin had actually showed up at the Colosseum that night, it is situational irony again. When Alida tries to regain her superiority again, she says â€Å"I had him for twenty-five years. And you had nothing but that one letter that he didn't write. â€Å", which is situational irony because Grace then reveals that Delphin was Barbara’s actual father, which Alida did not expect. Another thing that made it ironic was that she realized that Delphin had fathered a child that she felt superior to her own (Phelan 1). Wharton incorporated many symbols into â€Å"Roman Fever†. The one that sets the story off is the knitting, which at first seems like a minor element. In fact, it is the first matter to receive attention in the story, brought about by the daughters. They say to leave the â€Å"young things to their knitting†, which is said sarcastically, as if their mothers are intellectually, emotionally, and physically incapable of doing any other activity besides something as simple as knitting. This was supposed to make the two mothers appear as stereotypical middle aged women (Petry 1). The crimson of the silk that Grace takes out of her bag symbolizes passion (Petry 1). The black of her handbag symbolizes the gloom of guilt (Selina 1). Also, the knitting is a symbol of the weaving of lies that went on between Grace, Alida and Delphin, which explains why Alida does not like to knit (â€Å"Explanation of: â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton†). Another symbol is the threat of getting sick. All through the story, the women mention Roman fever, which was going around while they were both in Rome as teenagers. Grace and Alida were both afraid of catching it. Alida hoped that Grace would get it while waiting for Delphin at the Colosseum, and although Alida’s complete plan did not work, Grace did eventually catch Roman fever (â€Å"Explanation of: â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton†). The setting of Rome is also a symbol, because the ruins that surrounds the city. It symbolizes the ruined relationship between Grace and Alida (â€Å"Explanation of: â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton† 1). Also, it is also a symbol because Rome is a famously feminine city, so it added to the independent femininity of the story (Voeller 1). Foreshadowing is a key element in â€Å"Roman Fever†. It starts at the beginning with the description of the women. Grace Ansley is described as small, pale, and unsure of herself. Alida Slade is described as higher in color and confident. These two details indicate that Alida would be intimidating to Grace, and that her personality is more domineering (Petry 2). When Wharton writes, â€Å"Half guiltily she withdrew from her handsomely mounted black handbag a twist of red crimson†, it foreshadows that Grace is slightly afraid of Alida and she has some secrets that Alida does not know about. Towards the beginning, Wharton also mentioned that Alida Slade is not fond of knitting, which was unusual for someone of her age at that time. This shows that she is different from your average middle-aged woman, and that she and Grace do not have many things in common about their personality (Petry 1). When Alida Slade and Grace Ansley are looking at their daughters having fun in the moonlight, and Grace says â€Å"And perhaps we didn't know much more about each other†, it shows that some drama is about to occur, and that she knew she had things that Alida did not know about her, and also that perhaps Alida felt the same way (Selina 1). Roman Fever† demonstrates countless excellent cases of irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Different kinds of irony make â€Å"Roman Fever† entertaining during dialogue. Symbolism gives the story deeper meaning in small actions, for instance knitting, and setting details. Foreshadowing in the story baffles and intrigues. In conclusion, these are the three vital literary elements in Edith Wharton’s â€Å"Roman Fever†. They capture the reader from the playful beginning to the jaw dropping end.

Unilever Product Life Cycle

Introduction †¢William Hesketh Lever founded lever Brothers in 1885. †¢In the beginning as soap manufacturer but later diversified in to food and personal care products. †¢Unilever's corporate centers are London and Rotterdam. Walls’ Introduction †¢Walls introduced in Pakistan in 1997-98. The product line consists from lollies to ice creams. This includes Cornetto, Callipo, Max, Kulfis, Top Ten Choc Bars, Feast, Milky Way and etc. †¢Unilever committed its own resources to acquire ‘Polka' and consolidate the ice cream market for Lever Brothers Pakistan. Low gearing and reputation as a multinational blue chip give Lever ready access to capital at good terms to fund growth †¢Magnum! huuuuuuuuuuuuu †¢Magnum was introduced in 15th of June,2001 †¢Effective weights of mass audience advertising publicly displayed in the summer landscape, would strengthen consumer attachment to the brand and develop strong associations with the summer season †¢The first premium-quality ice cream to enter the adult impulse market.. ;l †¢Product Life Cycle If one looks at a category, the product life cycle seems to be an important determinant for all sorts of decisions †¢Generally a product should be kept in the growth stage as long as possible. †¢Magnum’s Life cycle †¢Magnum is in the growth stage. Due to the amount of awareness in the market, and the sales figures crossing targets, the product can be seen in the growth stage. On the PLC, market growth is also associated with increase in sales. This leads to the market becoming more attractive. Cycle-Recycle Pattern †¢The Cycle –Recycle Pattern is adopted because of seasonality of the sale. In Eid,Happy New year, Valentines day,Christmas and other seasonal events the sales follow pleasant upward trend due to the new flavors and varieties introduced by the firm. †¢Total Quality Management †¢Its all about ever barricading eminence i. e ever improving quality. †¢The quality of the product should be increase with the passage of time to keep customers as well induce new customers. Magnum’s TQM Introduction of new Magnum’s Cup will certainly improve the quality because of inclusion of â€Å"choco-topings†. The new Cup will increase the value to the customer because of its â€Å"take away† facility. pricing? † †¢Magnum’s TQM Again †¢Since Magnum is a premium choc bar and people are paying the premium to get this premium choc bar ,the TQM does have a great vitality in th is context. †¢Magnum is thought as a superb quality choc bar that’s why people wouldn’t compromise on the quality . †¢They know â€Å"they are paying for the best† †¢Forecasting and Demand Management †¢The ice cream market is particularly influenced by the weather and Wall uses a weather index to gauge conditions for sales †¢Also during peak seasons like Eids, Happy New Year and Independence Day demand is high and rices are lowered so as to compete with the other rivals prevailing in the industry . Magnum’s sales forecast †¢In terms of Magnum, this seasonality is relatively low. This is because Magnum is an impulse buying item . †¢In examining the seasonality one must consider the target market of Magnum. Will these people refrain from having a magnum in cold weather? †¢The variation in sales will not be as high or drastic as other ice creams or categories. †¢Positive Aspects for Sales †¢Pakistan’s population growth rate is almost 2% per annum. †¢Urbanization trend on the boom i. people are inducing towards higher life standards of living in cities. †¢Growth in GDP/capita reflects in the consumption pattern of the people. †¢Improved level of law and order conditions results in more FDI’s hence an attractive market. Product and Product Mix †¢A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need and and want of the customer. †¢Product includes different product levels which are, †¢Core benefit: The fundamental service or benefit that the customer is really buying †¢Basic product: the marketer has to turn the core benefit into basic product. Levels of Product †¢Expected product: A set of attributes and conditions buyers normally expect when they purchase the product. †¢Augmented product: Augmented product means things beyond the expectation. †¢Potential product: which encompasses all the possible augmentation and transformation Magnum’ Levels †¢The core benefit of the Magnum are satisfaction and the indulgence †¢The basic product is the premium Choc Bar †¢Expectations are related with the Magnum is that it would provide that quality others can not. †¢Potential product,introduction of Magnum in new jar. Product mix †¢Product mix is the set of products the company is offering to the customer. †¢Product mix includes, width, length, depth and consistency. †¢Magnum’s Product Mix †¢Unilever is the parent company and it operates in many businesses like tea, soaps, shampoos etc. this includes in width †¢Length includes different products of the walls like Magnum, Feast ,Cornetto etc. †¢Depth includes variants of the similar product like Magnum, Feast, Sunday all are chocolate related items. †¢Unilever product lines are consistent because most of them are consumer goods. SBU Strategies †¢Almost every business unit of Unilever including Walls holds a lion’ share in their respective markets. †¢For Magnum. hold strategy is appropriate and its holding by the firm. Corporate and division Strategic planning †¢Mission Statement †¢The Mission Statement underlines the dedication to the satisfaction of the everyday needs of the customers. †¢Quality is priority in all senses. †¢We are the part of the society in which we operate. †¢Our Vision is â€Å"Touching hearts changing life† Boston Consulting Growth Matrix †¢Star †¢Question Mark †¢Cash Cow Dog Internal Environment Analysis †¢Strengths †¢- Brand Image †¢- †¢Brand recall is high †¢- †¢Qual ity is one of the best in the market †¢Weaknesses †¢Multiple Brands therefore lack of focus †¢Unhealthy competition in the corporate culture External Environment Analysis Opportunities: – Westernization of Pakistani Society – No DIRECT competition except Quanta Relatively good growth of market †¢Threats: †¢- Threat of bigger competition in the next two years †¢- Instability of Pakistani Political system Marketing Alliances Promotional Alliances The strategic alliance by the Walls with leading fast food corners like KFC and Pizza Hut outlets was an attempt to promote their product. †¢ Marketing Channel †¢These channels are essential to move product from the manufacturer’s warehouse to the consumer’s house. †¢Firms have options to decide levels of channels I. e how many channels does it want to include in the distribution of its product. †¢Walls’ Channels †¢Walls’ uses multi level channel marketing. †¢Walls uses backward integration. †¢Walls’ sales men whirl in the streets of the city on their lorries ,I. e direct marketing. Walls’ own supplier make its product available to consumers. †¢Pull and Push Strategies †¢The painstaking music produce by the whirling lorries of WALLS let its voice count ,pulling the kids to pull their parents. †¢The usage of billboards and print media is a device to push up the target customer. †¢Promotion al Tools †¢In Pakistan, Ice-Cream industry competition may be healthy but there are very few brands to name. †¢Companies have to fight for their market share and use various strategies from price to promotional, which could make them leader in the market. †¢Firms try to compete on the basis of quality, uniqueness and brand name Magnum’s Promotion †¢The most commonly used are the major media that includes billboards and posters in the display media †¢The retailers were provided with free refrigerators by the Walls to motivate them †¢Since the logo of Walls was endorsed on these refrigerators,the brand was promoted as well. †¢Pricing †¢ Historically, for most products price has been the major factor affecting the buyer choice †¢Ice cream companies’ pricing decisions are influenced by both internal as well as external factors. †¢Pricing †¢Internal Factors †¢Survival †¢Company’s objectives †¢Marke t Profit Maximization Market Leadership †¢Product Quality †¢External Factors †¢Economic Factors †¢Governmental rules and regulations. †¢Social concerns. †¢Resellers. †¢Pricing Strategies †¢The management of the Magnum uses â€Å"Price Premium Strategy†. †¢The notion of â€Å"Self Indulgence†transferred the brand advertising doctrine to brand experience I. e â€Å"have a bite please†. †¢Price doesn’t matter to target consumer of Magnum. †¢What's wrong with the Price! †¢Its is said that â€Å"Magnum is too expensive† †¢It is thoughts as a reason of minimal sales. †¢There are relatively inexpensive choc bar exists. †¢Price is not the problem! The Magnum is targeted to the people of elite class ,higher in the socio-economic ranks. †¢The target set for Magnum’s sales have achieved up to maximum extent. †¢Lowering the price will usurp its supremacy and satisfactio n level may decline because of this move. †¢Marketing Management Philosophies †¢The philosophies speak about the different strategic behavior adopted by the firm to sell their product. †¢The philosophies are adopted in the foremost interests of consumers. †¢Magnum’s Marketing Philosophies †¢Product concept , better the quality and the product attributes the better will be the sales. Selling Concept,pushing and pulling consumers time and again , inducing them to buy Magnum, otherwise it will be left †¢un noticed. †¢Marketing Concept,better than that of competitors in satisfying customers’ needs the better will be you share in the market. Magnum’s Marketing Philosophies Customer concept,provide customer what he wants at the price you want The customers decide what we serve to them. Societal Marketing,Walls started a campaign to keep the environment clean in the northern areas to preserve them †¢Brand Decision †¢Creation ,maintenance ,protection and enhancement of a brand is an art. Brand is a symbol,name,term,design or a system or amalgamation of them. †¢It’s a marketing tool and tactic. †¢A promise by seller to deliver specific set of features and values to the buyer †¢Brand Equity †¢High brand awareness of Magnum as a member of Walls’ family. †¢Magnum possess high degree of brand preference. †¢Customer is satisfied with the brand and devoted to it . †¢Customer doesn’t want to change the brand over price issue. Brand Building Tools The campaign inaugurated by the Walls to â€Å"Save the environment† added privileged to the Walls as well its family. Wall’s â€Å"Heart Branding† captures the enthusiasm of the young and the young-at-heart, laying claim to 72% of the frozen desserts market share in Pakistan. Analyzing Competitors †¢By knowing our Competitors we may be able to predict their next moves, exploit their weaknesses and undermine their strengths †¢Who are your competitors? †¢What customer needs and preferences are you competing to meet? †¢What are the similarities and differences between their products/services and yours? Magnum’s Competitors †¢Competitors for walls in general are many; in fact they include all the ice cream providers. For Magnum we would like to define our competition strictly in terms of the target market. In this definition we would consider the product category level. Major Competitors †¢In this list we consider Igloo Quanta to be our main competitor due to similar attributes of the product and a very similar target market. †¢For the purpose of a nalysis we will group the competitors into two. First we would discuss our main competitor i. e. Igloo Quanta and then the rest in one group Who Is The Competitor †¢Igloo Quanta †¢Moven Pick Ice cream †¢Snoopy Ice cream parlor †¢Gelato Affairs Ice cream parlor †¢Igloo Dip Shop Imported Ice creams like Hagen Dazz, Dove, and Galaxy available at places like Aghas Stake Holders †¢At Unilever we are dedicated to meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere. †¢We participate in the well being of the society ,we live and work †¢Touching hearts by changing lives RESOURCES †¢Unilever committed its own resources to acquire ‘Polka' and consolidate the ice cream market for Lever Brothers Pakistan †¢Low gearing and reputation as a multinational blue chip give Lever ready access to capital at good terms to fund growth. †¢In the local ice cream market not many have the capability to invest in completely new technologies. Financial ass ets of more than RS. 7 BILLION. Human Resources †¢People are the driving force for success. †¢HR initiatives focused on encouraging empowerment and transparency in the organization. †¢E-town project brought the Chairman and top team to everyone’s desktops via live streaming video and allowed employees to address their concerns to the panel via a chat server. Resources †¢Me and U,an interactive HR portal that brings employee information to to everyone’s desktop. †¢Child Day Care center allowing employees to have their infants in close proximity under very best care Resources †¢Distinctive Capabilities advantage. †¢Walls has a weather index that helps in describing peak seasons for selling ice creams. †¢Sharp market sensing. †¢Intimate linking with the customers. †¢Strong channel bonding. Organization and it’s Culture †¢Uni Lever ,a visionary organization. †¢Highly professional Organization with the highly professional people. †¢The society is the family and look after of family is my own responsibility Market Segmentation The Magnum has segmented the market on the basis of income ,social and economic class and esteem level. Nice marketing strategy has been adopted focusing on the smaller but elite segment of the society as well as of market. Psychographics Segmentation Life style The people from the A/A+ class are considered for customer ship. Personality People having high level of esteem ,standing high on the need hierarchy pyramid. Behavioral Segmentation Occasions The Magnum focuses on the occasions when somebody wants to rejoice himself by himself. â€Å"I hate somebody nobody hates me! I love somebody no body loves me† Self Indulgence is the underlining theory. Loyalty Status Hard Core Loyals. TARGET MARKET †¢Magnum focuses on the upper niche market. The upper class segment is whom we want to buy our product. †¢These are people who wouldn’t mind spending †¢Rs 25 for an ice cream; rather they would impulsively buy the product whenever they go out for a drive or something. †¢Magnum is â€Å"Just for You† †¢The concept of sharing is not embedded Target Market †¢Target market people from the ages of 18-30, upper class, possessing a very high set of self esteem people †¢People who have style and don’t mind spending more for better quality, brand value etc Market Positioning An art of designing the product of the company and it’s image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market. Positioning is not what you do to the product. Its what you do to the mind of the panorama Market Positioning †¢Marketing positioning means how the customer rate your product in comparison with your competitors. †¢The firm should offer a substantial value to its customers to sustain the positioning of its product. Magnum’s Positioning Attribute Positioning For self immoderation User Positioning Appealing to stylish people Quality and Price Positioning High price for the higher quality Magnum’s Positioning Since a Rs 25 choc bar is quite prestigious bar,so people feel good when buying the Magnum. The higher the price the higher will be the quality & the higher will be the satisfaction level. People rank it as a premium brand with priceless quality Marketing Research System †¢Walls has its own department for Marketing Research. †¢Primary Data is provided by Sales team. †¢Secondary Data is gathered from publications and other sources.

The Heisenberg Principle and Economics Essays

The Heisenberg Principle and Economics Essays The Heisenberg Principle and Economics Essay The Heisenberg Principle and Economics Essay A quick skim of The Wall Street Journal on a daily basis for just a week should prove to you that the Heisenberg principle does indeed apply to economics. The Wall Street Journal provides daily analyses of economic events and economists’ perspectives on what has happened as well as what is likely to happen. The Wall Street Journal ‘s curculation is evidence that these analyses are taken seriously by both businesspeople and consumers. To see how economists’ predictions change the course of economic events, look at economists’ assessment of leading and coincidental indicators and the subsequent movement up or down in the markets for stocks and bonds. Leading indicators are used to predict what is likely to happen in the future, while coincidental indicators are used to describe the economy’s current condition. When the economists say that the indicators demonstrate that the economy is in a recession or entering a recession, consumers and businesses react immediately to prepare for the anticipated recession by reducing consumption and investing more cautiously. This often serves to hasten the onset of a recession, fullfilling the economists’ original prediction. In turn, if consumers and businesses expect good times ahead, they invest and spend their money more confidently. High levels of investment and consumption translate to strong economic growth. An examination of â€Å"Orders for Durable Goods Plunge by 6%,† [The Wall Street Journal, May 25, 1995] yields an example of how this cycle works. Note Marilyn Schaja’s prediction that the Fed will move toward â€Å"an easier policy stance† and the reaction of investors in the bond markets to this statement and others similar to it; the bond market soared due to speculation that interest rates might be cut soon. This is only one example of how economists’ predictions directly affect the bond market, but the bond market rises and falls dramatically each day in response to speculation about what the Fed will do or whether the economy is predicted to speed up or slow down. Other examples abound on the second page of The Wall Street Journal. But economists are not gods. They cannot know for sure what is going to happen to the economy, and they often disagree with one another. When there is a majority consensus, the Heisenberg principle operates in full force. Businesses and consumers are often susceptible to the majority opinion, and economists’ predictions will likely be fulfilled just because the predictions have been made. When all economists seem to disagree, the individual is left to make his own decisions. In this case, the outcome is less predictable, and it might seem that the observed is less likely to be affected by the process of observation.

The book Breakout Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The book Breakout Nations - Essay Example To recognize the countries that will emerge as economic winner in the future, it is important that one should abandon the habit of making assessments from past events and putting diverse countries in one bracket. It is required that emerging markets be treated separately and one should remember that economic success is not an everyday issue. The new â€Å"breakout nations† may jump from the darkness and Sharma identifies the nations they probably will be and attempts to explain the reason behind his speculation. Through this book, Sharma looks at the world from the glasses of a veteran market player. His book is based on his experiences and studies on developing countries that he gained after twenty years of travelling around the world. This book defines a breakout nation as the one that exceeds expectations or that develops faster than other countries having the same per capita income. Sharma has explained the reason behind this definition. He says that there is a circulating myth that if China’s economic growth gets reduced from its previous rate then it will make no difference as China will still be progressing faster than many western nations. Sharma, however has two views on this. According to him if China’s growth rate declines, then it will be considered as recession within the nation, and also for the rest of the world because people are accustomed to the previous growth rate of China. Sharma explains that other than growth rate, it is also important from where the growth starts. With two nations having same growth rates, it is the country with more per capital income that will be making a huge achievement. He said â€Å"per capita income is the critical measure because a growing pie doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t change a nation’s circumstances if the number of mouths it needs to feed is growing just as fast.† (Sharma, 19) Sharma attempts to speculate as to what factors contribute towards some nations that can

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation management - Essay Example At this point, it is good to elaborate some combined leadership and management activities in an operation, such as choosing a job design and work measurement. Managing people is an operation concept that is required to be established in every organization aimed at achieving competitive advantage, especially in today’s tough competition in industry. Apple Incorporated has successfully created its market share not just because of considering other important operational moves, marketing initiatives, good financial performance, but most primarily on how it handles its human resource particularly on managing people. Apple is not only good at creating innovative products for its product differentiation strategy, but also at its ability to managing or leading people, with close details on setting tasks, responsibilities, work performance, work conditions and general skills. Based on the research paper done about Apple, being good at its management function activity, the Apple Incorpo rated in its actual practice always integrates its initiatives to consider people skills and their ability to create highly innovative products. ... has given the job description especially in the product research and manufacturing department to create a significant product design that must be something new in the market. At this point, it should not be impossible for Apple to establish a promising market for smartphones and other products, as it strongly believes the potential of its human resource to formulate the finest products in its industry. This is due to the fact that the company is not only good at creating needs for its offerings; it also ensures that the job description of its human resource fits to its actual strategy of product differentiation. Now, it is, therefore, important that Apple must have substantially managed how it sets tasks for its human resource. Setting tasks requires careful implementation of systematic process of achieving immediate goals and objectives. After all, this should have high link with certain level of responsibilities. On the other hand, considering the fact that Apple wants to lead in i ts industry, implementing a high quality performance within its human resource is not just an obligation that everyone must come to realize, but an actual requirement for the company’s competitive edge. Now that everyone at Apple has specialized skills, the more the human resource will obtain a high opportunity for increase productivity, as the company continues to look forward to advance in the market by creating a need for its new innovative product offerings. Finally, setting tasks, responsibilities, work performances, work conditions and others are not just the actual activities Apple Incorporated must initiate. Another important function that it must establish under its ability to cope with change and complexities is the actual work measurement. As a company trying to lead in its

Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK Essay

Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK - Essay Example Up to the 1950s, the UK state’s role in industrial relations was characterized as involving minimum intervention (Kahn-Freund, 1969). However, since the end of the Second World War, the UK state has increasingly intervened in industrial relations. It is fair to state that given the increased intervention by the UK state in industrial relations it is reasonable to conclude that there has been a determined shift away from voluntarism relative to collective bargaining agreements toward state intervention in supporting some minimum standards within the employment contract. The government or state’s intervention has moved toward a more active role in regulating the relationship between employee and employer and working conditions in the UK. This paper demonstrates the UK state’s shift from voluntarism to actively supporting minimum standards within the employment contract by tracing state intervention and the methods by which state intervention has been utilized. In general, states intervene in industrial relations in a variety of roles and capacities. They may intervene as an employer or as a supervisor or regulatory agent for income and price setting. States may also intervene as economic management, or for the protection of standards. States intervene in industrial relations as legislators and rule-makers. States may also intervene in industrial relations in an attempt to establish and promote the parameters of social order (Hyman, 2009). Historically, the UK has operated as an employer in its own right signifying private employers should follow the state’s example in how it treats its employees. As a result of this approach to employment principles, it was expected that employees in the public sector would seek to avoid tensions and conflicts in the workplace (Rollinson & Dundon, 2007).

The Principle of Double Effect Essay Example for Free

The Principle of Double Effect Essay The Principle of Double Effect (PDE) states that it is â€Å"morally permissible to perform an action that has two effects, one good and the other bad† (Harris, 71) if certain stipulations are met. A person would need to make use of the Principle of Double Effect in any situation in which there is what would also be called a moral quandary. A situation in which an action must be performed to achieve a good, but as a result of achieving that good, a bad is also achieved, would be cause to make use of the PDE. The PDE is basically a morality barometer—yes, this effect is bad, but how bad is it really when taking this good into consideration. The PDE strives to determine whether an action full of gray moral area is ultimately morally permissible, and it does so by judging the action through a number of set criteria. These criteria are, in brief, as follows: (1) The act in itself is morally permissible; (2) The good effect from the act cannot be achieved without the bad effect occurring as well; (3) The bad effect is merely a side effect, and not the means through which the good effect is achieved; (4) The good and bad effects are both equally balanced in importance (Harris, 71). In order for the action to be considered morally permissible, all four criteria must be fully met. Take, for example, the story of Mary and her ectopic pregnancy. Mary and her husband are practicing Catholics, and as such they have very strong beliefs against abortion and do not want to do anything that would go against the Church. However, regardless of the course of treatment chosen, Mary’s baby is lost, so this element should automatically be discounted as a determining factor. This in itself is a gray area. The four choices of treatment that Mary is given all have their own set of risks—some have higher risks to her, the mother; others have risks to the future of Mary’s and her husband’s efforts to have another child; all ultimately mean the termination of her pregnancy. Mary’s options include waiting for the egg to pass naturally, which poses a high risk to her the more time passes; taking a drug to thin the egg and force it to pass on its own; one surgery with a risk of making conceiving difficult in the future as well as the common surgical risks to Mary, and another surgery with less risk of complications in the future but also with the common risks of surgery. Because the pregnancy is lost regardless, I would advise Mary on deciding on a course of treatment as quickly as possible, because it is morally right to save oneself. She has already agreed to get treatment, given that the treatment doesn’t violate the Church’s teachings and that she can still bear children in the future. Because of the different levels of risks involved with each procedure, I would recommend the drug therapy. Both surgeries are risky due to the fact that they are surgeries, and the one is even riskier because it can lead to complications in Mary getting pregnant later. The option to let it pass naturally is probably more in line with the Church’s teachings, but it puts Mary at too great a risk and the pregnancy can’t be saved anyway. I would be loathe to think that any Church would encourage waiting it out so as not to be actually physically performing an abortion, when it is a given that the embryo will die regardless. Unfortunately, taking the drug treatment does not fully satisfy the criteria of the PDE: first, the act itself of a woman taking a drug to save her life is morally permissible. However, it is not necessary that she receive this treatment (or any other, for that matter) in order to survive. She can still survive without treatment; it’s just that the risks of her not surviving (or causing damage to her fallopian tube) is greater—note, NOT imminent. Second, there is no way for the good effect (saving Mary’s life) can be achieved without the bad effect (the embryo being killed)—especially when considering that the embryo is dead regardless. This bad effect is unavoidable because if she waits to pass the embryo on her own, she could die too. Third, and this is where the treatment fails to satisfy the PDF criteria, the bad effect is the means of achieving the good effect. The â€Å"abortion,† for what it’s worth, is the only way to guarantee Mary’s life will be saved—and that goes for the drug treatment as well as both surgical options. The fourth criteria is, however, satisfied because the death of the embryo—again, especially considering it will die regardless—balances saving Mary’s life. Based on the third criteria of the PDE, the only morally permissible way to â€Å"treat† this problem is to wait for the embryo to pass through the fallopian tube naturally, putting Mary at the greatest risk. All other options, despite how ridiculous it might be to even be referring to this as an â€Å"abortion,† especially considering the embryo will die regardless, require that the abortion, for what it is, must be performed in order to reduce the risk to Mary’s life. Therefore, no treatment is morally permissible and Mary has to take her chances.

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee LOVISE GEORGE EXPERIENCE IN THE VIRTUAL ETHICS COMMITTEES Reflective Critique Method As a part of our course, we should engage with six ethics committee. I have attended six ethics committee which has profoundly changed my experience in Teesside University. This reflective essay will use Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) and explain some of my experience in the ethics committee and how I managed in certain situation. I am concentrating on particular aspect participant information sheet. The incident occurred during my first ethics committee which I was due to delivery about my topic participant information sheet. I felt so miserable during at the time, this was my first experience to attend in this session so I have no much knowledge about research topics and terminologies .I thought that participant information sheet means it includes only the participant information and we should write about all details about participant details. My task was to speak about participant information sheet, looking at how this important for researcher what are the criteria should be included in information sheet .When I started to speak about my topic I become so tensed and I am not able to convey my ideas to other members. I stumbled with my first sentence so I could not able to complete my presentation .I felt shy and ashamed about my ability to speak to other members, but I felt so sad towards me and trying not to cry. When the class was finished immediately I left the class room a nd did not speak to anyone. I realized that have no confidence to speak in front of my colleagues and tutors about my subject. Totally I attended six ethics committee, when I was attended last committee my knowledge level increased and got a clear picture about my topic and now I knew as a researcher this information sheet is very essential to conduct their study and without information sheet can not conduct a research. Now I feel more confidence to speak and I can stick my opinion. When I attended ethics committee, I had both good and bad experience. While I am a member of ethics committee, helped me to learn some new ideas and analyzed and interpret each and every matter we discuss in the committee .Before I joining ethics committee I am always feel shy and introverted in social life, but once I actively joined with the ethics committee I become more extroverted and learned how to express my ideas according to my goals. It is clearly evidence in social participitation theory (Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux 2008) and helped me to how introverted person can be extroverted or social being. Then started referred different book, journals and even learn to browse internet to get a suitable point and skills to make me more confidence and accurate .The bad experience about committee, even if I prepared well with best of my knowledge, even then also while discussing with others they night have different ideas or views that make me confused weather my points were rig ht or wrong .Hence I still I have confusion in terms in philosophical paradigm and hypothesis. The situation was made good in my own research proposal and helped me to increase my knowledge about my dissertation topic. Knowledge and experience can make the researcher could perform more accurate and successful.(Verburg Andriessen,2011) To me as a learner this knowledge is essential for my research proposal and can prepare a good project. When I started to attended the first committee I thought in research’ Participant information sheet ‘is not much important role just we should invite the participants to take part in our research study .But now recognized without information sheet the research proposal is invalid and all information regarding the participant details will be handled in confidence. I can make a good research which I collected from information sheet. I got all sort of different necessary information from each sheet and I am confident that I can design a better quality research proposal as a part of my research. Each and every participant, who became a member in the research team, should have the aware about their rights and also very important to ensure their safety and dignity. There are six ethical principles can use to protect their participants from harm (ICN, 2003).However there are three rights for every researcher who actively involve in research: privacy, safety and dignity. It is important to keep the confidentiality which we get through participant information sheet. As a researcher every one must keep the anonymity without revealing their names. It’s a protocol to keep the patient details recorded in appropriate manner and it should be separated in different file with proper label and it must be in their cupboard or cabinet which is only accessible to authorized person. It is very essential to respect and keep the dignity for each and every person. While conducting any research, it’s necessary to explain about the purpose and reason for conducting particular researc h to every participant In retrospect, I am planning to do many things in different way. I have been more confidence and should be more proactive myself. I have discussed to the ethics committee members as soon as finishing the committee and I can contribute my opinion. However I learned from the incident is I should be more courage and I have to maintain a good relation with our supervisor in the coming weeks, so that I could do in a best way in committee. In future, I would ensure I will be more confident about research proposal either in qualitive or quanitive, especially in my particular aspect ‘information sheet. I am studying alongside with different teachers during my course, and I will speak about my nervous. I have already personal tutors and I have communication with her, and she helped me a lot to achieve my goal and how to present very well in future, so that I do not feel so nervous. I also want to share with my colleagues about my feelings and I think it will help to study from them. For training purpose I focused to attend in seminar when they were conducting in Teesside University and I want to achieve more confidence and this is the good method to improve my presentation skill. This reflective essay enhanced my level of thinking, knowledge and understanding its importance, had improved with use of reflective model .My competence level has also developed especially the ability to do my presentation in best way to begin. REFERENCES Parahoo, k. (2006) Nursing Research. Principles, process and issues.2nd ed .Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Corti, L., Day, A. Backhouse, G. (2000) Confidentiality and Informed Consent: Issues for Consideration in the preservation of and provision of Access to Qualitative Data Archives. Forum Qualitative Social Research.1 (3) p2-4. Tolich, M.(2009)The principle of cavet emptor: confidentiality and informed consent as endemicethical dilemmas in focus group research. Journal of bioethical inquiry.6 (1) p99-108. Knowledge sharing, Personality Traits and diversity. Available at: http//www.lindenwood.edu/mwr2p/docs/Amayah.(Accessed 5.5.14) Reserach ethics policy: Participiant safety and wellbeing. Available at: http: //www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/other/gov-ethics.(Accessed 2.5.14)