Hard times Coursework Essay

The comparison between employer and employee is stressed every time Bounderby meets Stephen Blackpool and the comparison can be clearly seen, as when Bounderby and Blackpool are at the table, Bounderby’s half is full of silver china and saucers, while Blackpool’s is empty, this shows the power balance between the two-i. e. all the power is in Bounderby’s hands, as is the wealth and the control. Blackpool’s word is rarely trusted by those in power over Bounderby’s and they are so very different in almost all respects, with Bounderby’s life taking its own cource with his allegiance with Gradgrind in Parliament, while Blackpool only has Rachel caring for him, as compared to the city he is another nobody down on his luck. The story also shows family bonds through difficult situations, with the major family scenario of the Gradgrind’s the son and daughter are raised by their father in a factual heartless way, even though he does not realise this, he does go on to realise his mistake, with the mother of the family disabled and unable to move around due to sickness, being manipulated by everyone who walks by, as she has no dominance over anything indeed, and her character suggests she agrees with her husband on the factual upbringing of their children, and also shows the strains the family goes through after Louisa marries Mr Bounderby, and Tom gets involved in the bank robbery, and the family has to somehow try to bounce back, but does not manage to succeed with only a neutral ending The other families mentioned are the bond of father and child in Cissy Jupes Tale, the Man and wife in Blackpool’s unhappy marriage, and the twist in the story with Mr Bounderby’s mother appearing and e xplaining his upbringing Language Dickens uses a variety of techniques in hard times, mostly descriptive; giving a chance of detail good enough to imagine it, but for everyone’s imagination to be different, repetition gets across the steely characters characteristics   For Louisa he uses a simple vocabulary, using childly words and simple phrases meant with good intention on her behalf, with no academical subtext or complicated phrases, showing that she’s a good and kind hearted person, but also slightly dim compared to the other main characters The language of Mr Gradgrind is always very well developed, and while the descriptions of him make us see a rigid robot like figure, he does speak intellectually throughout the story Mr Bounderby however is much more rigid in his language and expresses his thoughts using what’s a fact instead of what’s humane, and this always puts him in a negative light, he may have been ‘born upside down’ where he would have always had such views, and always acted on factual or instinct data to prove his point The language of tom and Louisa has two stages during the story, at first they talk in only facts, with little feeling or emotion in their words, but occasionally while in private they speak out freely, or as freely as they can, but in the presence of others they stick to their blank expressions and factual sentences During toms elder years he begins to talk more like his father, with a free stroke in his speech and has retained some independence while still being accepted by his father and friends Louisa in her elder years changes little to her younger equivalent and stays rigid and factual, showing a feeling of repressed anger inside her Mrs Gradgrind is a poorly woman and her language reflects that, being incomplete, with words missing from sentences and grammatical errors if not for which she would sound like Mr Gradgrind, but throughout her brief appearances she keeps her grumbling simple and unimportant The language used by Blitzer is the product of Mr’s Gradgrind and Bounderby’s teachings and shows the heartless product of their ideal. in the end they both regret their schooling of Blitzer and realise their wrong, but only too late for some The other controversial language used is that of Mr Sleary the Circus leader, who uses a range of bizarre phrases in between his sentences and makes his appearance misunderstood and diverse compared to the other characters’ Conclusion So in conclusion with my previous statements, as listed above, the novel Hard times has a monotone view of Victorian society With all characters at a set point being either extremely good or eminently bad, in character and in appearance, much of which suggests that the focus of the story is based solemnly on interaction between characters, and no room for backdrops has been spared from steel bins burning in the winter cold, glum industrial streets and houses varying from basic to lavish all showing the contrast between the rich striving to change society the poor striving to stay out of trouble, and those who strive to be rich

Phenomenal Woman Essay

I’ve read this poem, â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† years ago but I have never forgotten it ever since—such is the power of Maya Angelou’s words. Whenever I feel sad, or experience anything that blows my self-esteem to smithereens, I think about this poem—it is one of the few that can instantly make me feel uplifted and empowered. It stirs the soul and affirms the human spirit. â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† is all about feeling good about oneself. It sends a positive message to women and is a kind of affirmation of the female identity. Upon reading the poem, there is a shock of recognition, the recognition of the identity that all too often lies defeated under the weight of oppressive tradition. The first line, ‘Pretty women wonder where my secret lies, I am not cute or built to fit a fashion model sizes’ pretty much sums up Angelou’s message—that a woman’s true essence isn’t something that can be judged through outward appearances alone. Angelou uses very simple and unsophisticated wording to convey a deep message: that identity and sexuality are not all about the aspects of a woman that she has no control over (her looks) but also about what she feels, and chooses to feel, and in how she chooses to convey her feelings. One can truly be phenomenal if one believes herself to be. The poem does not only apply to women but transcends gender, race, and social status. Angelou’s message is universal, one that touches on the very basic fabric humanity: A person’s worth is not something that is ought to be dictated by society’s standards. The poem makes me love the body I’m blessed with, asserts my identity, affirms my sexuality, and paves the way to a deeper understanding of myself. A woman need not have Barbie’s vital statistics or a perfect bone structure—it’s good to have these characteristics but a â€Å"real† woman is more. Those traits that men â€Å"can’t touch†Ã¢â‚¬â€a woman’s â€Å"inner mystery†Ã¢â‚¬â€however unfathomable, truly makes us special and unique. â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† is a reminder of our power to control our own outlook. We are not mere slaves to circumstance, but participants in the game of life. And the most important thing is—to love myself unconditionally, because I’m a woman. Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman. That’s me.

Career Paper

Professor Jane Andrews Success in College Career Paper A police officer is something I have always had an interest in becoming. Law enforcement is an exciting career that can open many doors to different jobs, from patrolling the streets to protecting important political figures. Police officers are an essential part of the communities in our nation, offering citizens protection from criminals, preventing crimes, and serving the members of their community. A police officers duties, among other things, include patrolling a specific district or beat, writing citations when necessary, offering escorts for convoys, responding to citizens emergency calls, severing warrants and subpoenas, and writing incident reports after a crime has been committed. 1 An essential characteristic of a police officer is physical stamina, physical and mental endurance, and the ability to keep a calm head. These are just a few of the many duties and essential characteristics of a police officer. A police officers work environment can vary greatly, either being out on patrol or in an office, either writing reports or viewing bulletins. Out on patrol, an officers work environment is his or her patrol car. A patrol car has all the devices necessary for an officer to execute his or her duties. It will contain a radio, a mobile laptop, which is used to run license plates, do background checks, and receive directions to the locations of 911 calls, and weapons, such as a shotgun, to be used in hostile situations. A police officers work environment will vary depending on his or her pecific duties. Becoming a police officer is a physically demanding process. Many people choose to first obtain a college degree in criminal justice or sociology, because it can help you become a higher rank and opens the options to work for higher authority agencies. The basic requirement for becoming a cop are to be free of any felony convictions, be a citizen of the United States, be at least 18 years of age, undergo background checks, and be free from any physical, emotional, or mental condition which might adversely affect the exercise of power by the peace officer. These requirements may vary slightly from state to state, but one that is consistent is that everyone must attend police academy. Police academy is an essential step in becoming a police officer. By graduating from police academy, a person becomes post certified, which is a requirement to become a police officer anywhere. 3 At the academy, a person will take courses on firearms training, patrol techniques, crimes scene procedures, and brain training courses, which train an officer on how to react mentally in certain situations. Physical fitness tests are an essential part of the academy, with strict requirements for both male and female requirements. Being a police officer requires both mental and physical toughness. A career in law enforcement can bring a variety of pay amounts. A standard patrol officer makes on average $34,000 a year. 4 Working for different agencies can bring different pay ranges, anywhere from $25,000 a year to $100,000. A police chief will earn towards the upper end of this range. All police officers will be members of a police union, the largest being the International Union of Police Associations, or the IUPA. 5 Being a member of a union brings benefits such as higher wages, health insurance, and a pension plan. Being a police officer is not one of the highest paying jobs staring off, but with the right promotions, one can earn a very high salary. Being a police officers is a career that is always in demand. In 2010, there were over 750,000 jobs for police officers.

Effectiveness of motivational activities at tesco express in part time Essay

Effectiveness of motivational activities at tesco express in part time staff context - Essay Example f the employees, businesses realized that motivated employees were likely to present a higher level of performance and commitment (Bratton & Gold 2007, p. 49). In the recent past, experts in the field of human resource have been developing theories that govern the maximization of using the human resources. Many strategies have been defined that target to optimize the performance levels of the employees. One of these strategies is offering motivational activities to the employees in a bid to maximize their performance. Tesco is one of the outstanding retail businesses in the globe with branches in different countries and regions. For all the Tesco’s stores to run effectively, the company needs a remarkable number of employees to offer their services (Bratton & Gold 2007, p. 60). Tesco has exhibited the interest over the years of ensuring that the use of the human resources is maximized. Therefore, it has defined certain motivational activities with the potential of motivating the employees. It is critical to carry out a survey that seeks to identify the motivational activities used by Tesco and assess their efficiency levels. Notably, Tesco has both permanent and part time staff. Both permanent and part time staff requires the company to develop different motivational strategies for each group. The current study will seek to analyze some of the motivational activities that Tesco provides to its part time staff and their efficiency in increasing employee satisfaction. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. Questionnaires were administered to the selected number of participants from the Tesco expresses in central London area (Miles, Huberman, & SaldanÃŒÆ'a 2014, p.106). The participants were required to fill in the questionnaires while revealing their views on the efficiency of the available motivational activities. Data analysis would follow relying on both mean and standard deviation. Calculation of the satisfaction levels of the employees

The German Creation of Colonies in Africa and the British Expansion of Term Paper

The German Creation of Colonies in Africa and the British Expansion of Its Colonial Empire in India and South Asia - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, it was involved in hard campaigns against the countries it was trying to possess. The Chancellor of Germany of that period Otto von Bismarck was not interested in the colonial expansion, but under the influence of German society and leadership that claimed that Germany needed colonies to maintain its economic domination in Europe, he agreed to take this step. After the unification of Germany in 1871 it was obvious that this action should happen because the pressure was too great. The main groups that were lobbying for the colonial expansion were the West German Society for Colonization and Export (1881) and the Central Association for Commercial Geography and the Promotion of German Interests Abroad (1878). Bismarck thought that the future German colonies would be stabilizing power that will influence domestic politics of the country. The colonies were to emphasize nationalism and to raise the prestige and greatness of Germany on the international level. In 1884-1885 Ge rmany was the host of the international Berlin Conference, where European claims in Africa were sanctioned. The requirement was that the claims of possession in Africa must be manifested by the physical occupation of the territories. In 1873 African Society in Germany (Afrikanische Gesellschaft in Deutschland) was organized. The goal of the society was geographical exploration of Africa. In 1882 German Colonial Society (Deutscher Kolonialverein) appeared. More than 15000 supporters of the colonial politics united in this society. In 1887 it joined the Society for German Colonization (Gesellschaft fur Deutsche Kolonisation), which goal was the practical realization of the colonial plans.2 Desiring to strengthen his political position, and counting upon the support of the National Liberal Party at the elections to Reichstag in 1884, Bismarck announced that the German government will take under its guardianship all the international possessions of the German businessmen. Besides that, he thought that this action will weaken the flow of German emigrants to America and will direct this flow to the German colonies. During that period of time the following territories were moved under the protection of the German government: The land purchased by the Bremen businessman Adolf Luderitz at the territory of the modern Namibia. In April 1884 German Southwest Africa was formed here. The lands of Adolph Woermann – German Cameroon in July of 1884. German Togo in July of 1884 German East Africa (Tanzania) that previously belonged to Carl Peters and The Society for German Colonization, in February of 1885. Protectorate of Witu (modern Kenia) that belonged to brothers Denhardt. German New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago In 1885 Bismarck abandoned the idea of the consistent colonial politics, and concentrated his efforts on the relationship with England and France. Colonies were used only as a bargaining chip in negotiations. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 years, A frica was divided among the European powers, and according to Helgoland-Zanzibar agreement of 1890 African protectorate Witu was traded for the strategically important for Germany island of Helgoland in the North Sea. Under Wilhelm II Germany tried to enlarge the sphere of its colonial influence by increasing the number of commercial representatives.

Women Work and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women Work and Family - Essay Example There are a number of women in reformatory who willingly stop considering their toddlers telling them they are in sanatorium or in public holiday (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 297). It has been viewed that the mothers of young toddlers can be condemned for going out mingling with more so than the fathers of these toddlers (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 249). The majority women must settle on whether to work for compensation even as mothering or construct mothering their only communal role. Often this choice is depicted in terms of whether they will be "stay-at-home" and most probably "full-time" mothers, or "working mothers" and consequently ones who plan out salaried work above care-giving. Contingent within this edifice is womens bodily site too—either lady is at residence or job, not both. Dillaway and Pare (2008) discover frequent conceptualizations of stay-at-home against functioning motherhood, as confirmed by feminist family erudition and latest media substances (Dillaway and Pare, 2008: 437). The designation of ‘Father’ may be average, but the elements of being a nice father are no matter which but incomparable. Fathering, like mothering, is one strong, never-let-positive, high-strain job. It’s worthwhile, but just as frequently it can be intimidating, mystifying, and maddening! Luckily, there are a lot of fathers out there doing a grand work of living up to the consecrated faith they’ve obtained by rearing toddlers. Good fathers set out far away from just fetching home the bread. They offer poignant support and societal assistance. They have to stay back at home because the mothers are working mothers. Moreover, money may be a cause as working mothers need to keep caretakers for their children, thus, as a parent, a father can take more care of his child rather than a caretaker. Thus, fathers prefer to stay back at home. They dedicate endless time and vigor to children’s wellbeing. When parenting, nice

Nursing Response to Suspected Excessive opioid Overdose in Palliative Research Paper

Nursing Response to Suspected Excessive opioid Overdose in Palliative Care Patient - Research Paper Example However, in this case the answer was negative and the triage process was moved to decision section B. Decision section B, the triage staff, decides whether the patient can safely wait or can not to be given medical attention. If the patient is not able to hold on then the process is moved to decision section C. However, in this scenario, the patient can not wait much longer and thus the patient is categorized as ESI level 2. In ESI level 2, Three chief question are put into consideration. These questions are: (1) Is the patient in serious risk situation? (2) Is the patient disoriented? (3) Is the patient in serious distress? The triage healthcare provider obtains patient subjective and objective assessment to respond to these questions. From the short and quick interview, gross examination, and the six sense from the triage, healthcare provider in ER identifies the patient to be at high risk (Nielsen, Siersma, Nielsen, and Rasmussen, 2012). In ESI sub level1a above, the healthcare pr ovider perform the assessment of the patient. It is extremely complicating and of high risk when taking care of a patient under the overdose of the opioid. The triage healthcare provider has the responsibility of assessing the patient for any suspicion of the narcotic overdose. Some of the symptoms for a suspected opioid overdose the staff comes up with in this case are; slowing level of consciousness, low respiratory rate, decrease of the pupils in size, and poorly reactive pupils. Overdose of Opioid weakens the respiratory and the CNA. In the flowchart above the second step, ESI sub-level 2b, is the stimulation of the patient, it clearly suggest the patient to be stimulated by administering oxygen... ESL algorithm produces fast, reproducible, and clinically stratification of patients into five steps. It is better to operationalize a case scenario to demonstrate health flow use of ESI. Consider the case scenario represented in the flowchart above, The patient is Opioid overdosed and is admitted into the ER. For the ER staff to assist the patient they will have to create an ESL module that will facilitate the optimal care of the patient. ER staff initiates the drafting of the flow chart above using ESI triage tool. The tool aide the staff to formulate a sequence of analytical steps to assist the patient. ESI triage tool groups patients into five categories 1= most serious and 5= less serious. ESI postulate a method of classifying patients in ER by both resource needs and acute. ESI in the ER is to prioritize all incoming patients to denote those who can not wait to be seen. The staff in ER perform a quick, determined assessment, and assigns the patient a triage level, which is the key measure of how much longer a patient can safely hold on before treatment. It is vital to identify the workflow in ER can be extended further to achieve functionality that is not addressed by the external presentations included in the above levels. This can be postulated by programming new external application of certain problem.

What is the Relationship between Women's Cinema and National Identity Research Paper

What is the Relationship between Women's Cinema and National Identity - Research Paper Example Although films were made by women very early on, the incorporation of feminism and its study was introduced much later. The study of women in cinema is often segregated into two categories. These are the study of films made by women, generally and films with feminist objectives that focus mainly on the problems if women, portrayed in cinematic form. Since the 1960s feminist films have maintained a certain commercial, yet art house production style of movie making. While the aforementioned films reflect many female ideologies, they still try to be seen as mainstream cinema. Talking about general films made by women, they are often distinguished from each other according to the presentation of the film as a whole. This varies according to the outlook of the director of the film. Another distinguishing factor is the culture portrayed in the film and the aspect of life introduced in the storyline. A national identity is a form of cultural identification given to the people of a country\. In the world, ethnic and religious segregation occurs after the national identity of a person. While ethnicity and religious diversity form the bulk of national trademarks, the question of minority still gives people the benefit of the doubt. National identity is a judicial matter with complex authoritative aspects, but sociologically it is the distinctiveness from foreigners and its effect on a national and international society. Language is a crucial and integral part of national identity, as most countries have their own local dialects understood by the natives.  

Magnet Hospital Characteristics Research Proposal

Magnet Hospital Characteristics - Research Proposal Example This study will seek to explore the various ways in which magnet characteristics could be appropriated towards the objectives of empowerment, reduction of burnout and enhancing employee satisfaction within the healthcare facilities. Problem Statement The matter of job dissatisfaction and work related stress continues to engage the concern of stakeholders in the nursing profession. Nurses are continually subjected to adverse working conditions that affect their levels of production and dedication to duty (Earie & Denny, 2005). Despite the consistent improvements of other areas of the healthcare sector, there seems to be insufficient focus on the challenges that afflict the nursing fraternity. The general perception is that the healthcare system, as presently constituted, lays obstacles to the empowerment of nurses. The system is structured in such a way that assigns a subservient role to the nurses despite various research findings that emphasize the centrality of nurses to the succes s levels of every health care system. Among the many suggestions on the improvement of the nursing industry is the inclusion of magnet hospital characteristics. This study seeks to explore the possible effect of magnet hospital characteristics in solving the challenges of empowerment, work-related stress and burn-out within the nursing industry. Objectives of the Study The general objective of the study is to explore the impact of utilizing magnet hospital characteristics on fostering nursing empowerment, reducing the levels of burnout and job dissatisfaction. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the relationship between magnet hospital characteristics and power relationships within a healthcare institution with specific focus on the nurses and the... This paper stresses that researchers on nursing have established that fragmented systems often promote negative competition and conflict between the nursing fraternity and the doctors. Systems that exclude nurses from decision-making processes often foster non-cooperation. Naturally, lack of cooperation between nurses and doctors will impact negatively in quality matters. Poor coordination could result in accidents and other elements of professional malpractice in the nursing community. Generally, nurses will tend to operate in ways that do not promote the general good of the hospitals due to the detached interest that follows. The need for harmonization of systems is consistent with the realization that quality service must involve processes of collaboration and delegation of roles. Technology also helps in the decongesting of hospitals thus promoting ample working environment for the nurses. This report makes a conclusion that poor staffing is usually associated with the negative impacts of staff burnout and stress. Generally, the aim of magnet hospital characteristics is the improvement of all the processes, associations and arrangements in the hospital for the benefit of all the stakeholders. Other studies have associated it with the concept of total quality management as understood within the framework of management. Harmonization of the different systems, processes, and individuals within the framework of the core mission of the hospital is the chief objective of magnet hospital characteristics.

Financial Decision Taking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Financial Decision Taking - Essay Example The TMO is also a service-oriented firm with limited resources, such that a well-taken financial decision is critical to its organizational integrity. This essay is structured such that the succeeding sections consist of an assessment, a lineup of conceptual models, a critical evaluation and a conclusion. In the assessment section, the essay discusses the importance of financial planning in the context of TMO's organizational structure and strategic goals. The conceptual models review the available literature on the subject, while the critical evaluation attempts to relate the academic models so mentioned to the real world, meaning the TMO. As part of the conclusion, we will appraise the financial decisions and strategies most suitable for the TMO based on all the preceding data. The TMO administers a London borough consisting of 238 homes of individual designs on eight blocks of a small housing project alongside a main road. This is one of the oldest of similar setups in London, where the blocks of houses had been there as far back as 1947 such that they are in dire need of refurbishing and maintenance. Families of multi-racial origin occupy these housing units under either a tenancy or leasehold agreement, and the estate is easily accessible by bus and subway train services. This TMO became a self-governing body in April 2003, as did four other TMOs managing similar estates in the London area, when the local government compartmentalized its function of providing low-cost housing services to constituents. This fragmentation process came on the heels of the privatization binge involving local government assets and service, a major program of the national government since 1979. Now, the TMO runs the borough through a management committee headed by an operatio ns manager and supported by a six-man staff. The turnover of housing functions to TMO was part of the central government's cost-cutting program and strategy of getting politics out of social services, which tended to hamper activities in this area when local authorities were in control. Thus, management of the housing funds was shifted to agencies, which would be more accountable at the central level and less accountable to local political forces (Cairncross & Calpham). In ceding the function to the TMOs, however, the local authorities set the ground rules that exhort the former to utilize "creative accounting measures." These include; 1) building up a revenue balance to regular the yearly expenditures; 2) sale of suitable assets to generate income for use as capital expenditure; 3) rescheduling existing debts; 4) capitalizing the expenditure on such activities as repair and modernization previously

The Importance of Sport Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Sport Essay On many levels is sport very important to each and every one of us for a various number of reasons. First of all sport and fitness is what helps us keep in shape and stay healthy which is key to living a long and happy life. There are many benefits to being fit; first of all you will have much better health, and a better body image which in turn may help your self-esteem. Another major importance to sport is that there are so many career opportunities in the athletic field such as: gym teacher, pro athlete, sports analysts, physiotherapist, personal trainer, and many more. Also sports can be used as a stress relief to just get away from it all and shoot some hoops or play pond hockey. From a personal level I have made many friends from playing rep hockey 4 times a week to pick up football on the weekends and many if not all of my friends I’ve met playing sports both Rep and High school. On that note there are both positive and negative attributes of playing for your school or rep team. For school you get to play with you group of friends and represent your school, although it may not be the highest level of competition it’s great fun and a lot better than doing nothing. With playing rep you get to diversify your friend group, hopefully play at a high level but it does consume your life with your sport not leaving much room for a job or school work. Whichever one you choose it doesn’t matter you’re getting out there and doing something your love to do. To finish up I hope to be involved in sports as long as I possibly can even though I am not competing at a high level right now I hope still be playing hockey with my friends in college and after that still playing with them in a beer league somewhere, and after that possibly coach my kids sports teams as much as I can and showing them the â€Å"tricks of the trade† and isn’t that what it’s all about?

My opinion about Four Generations By Joyce Maynard Essay Example for Free

My opinion about Four Generations By Joyce Maynard Essay Joyce Maynard in The Four Generations has skillfully described her grandmother as a frail individual who used to be so dynamic once. Her style of writing makes her script colorful and does not let the reader get bored. She uses simple words yet implies deep meanings. In addition, not only does she bring examples to show the characters but she also uses the exact quotations to express the very same idea of them. Joyce Maynards strong ability to portray moments is another admirable skill of her in writing. Her use of words in simple sentences clearly shows the characteristics of her grandmother. We can realize that her grandmother was a naughty energetic woman who cracks nuts and was able to lift a car off the ground. She was also emotional, since she used to weep every time she had to say goodbye to her children, and nurse her relatives of her generation and even though she was old enough to forget everything, she wrote down notes to remind herself of her granddaughter and her child whom she had not seen yet. Instead of imposing an idea, Joyce Maynard brings examples to let the reader know her grandmother better. We can get from the text that she was determined. Though she never had much money she did not hesitate to let her daughter take piano lessons and elocution lessons; moreover, she sent her to college. We can see how caring she was, by paying attention to even a one-year-old child to see whether anybody takes care of her. And her physical power is stated when Joyce refers to a car accident where her grandmother lifted the car. The use of quotations is a good element to make her script more colorful. Many times Joyce brings exact words of her grandmother. To let the readers know her grandmother by her own tone of speaking. To show that she believed to be different -and in fact she was- Joyce repeats her own words at the illness bed when she was suffering from pancreatic cancer: Now I am different. Im yellow. And to show her firm character she states Im not always like this. Even though her grandmother had said she was ready to die, what she said in her last words to Joyce was I wish I had your hair  and I wish I was well. When Joyce wants to depict her grandmothers powerlessness in her last days, she mentions her body movements in a way that the reader can imagine it in all ways. Just like a puny baby, her grandmother waved to Joyces child in a kind of slow, finger-flexing movement and got the same reply from the little kid. Her way of speaking also shows that she wished to be better and enjoy the little childs presence. Finally Joyce illustrates the loss of her grandmother in a way that her own mother has lost a source of kindness and love. Her use of language and simple words and vivid examples and quotations made her essay more effective and powerful. She leaves the readers concentrating on the idea that once a mother passes away her beloved child is not a daughter anymore but just a mother who unquestioningly loves her own daughter.

GPS Locator Application Development

GPS Locator Application Development It is an application can locate the person by using GPS take from Google map a map to locate people, and there a option for the user when download the app for WIFI and locking the phone for example a parent they download this app in his phone and in child phone, the parent they watch his son in map and they can turn off   WIFI or lock the phone in child phone, you have to deal with Google development to get API key to allow you to use Google map, also there is some permissions the internet and network . Glympse is a fast, free, and simple way to share your location in real time with the people you trust. Send a Glympse to your friends to let them know youre on your way. Request a Glympse of your friend who is always running late. Create a group for your family reunion. Set a duration, pick a destination, choose the recipients and hit send! Glympse will take care of the rest. Use Glympse to:   Ã‚   coordinate a social night out with friends let your spouse know your ETA when youll be home from work let your family know you are safe while running or cycling find friends at a concert festival provide a courtesy notice with ETA to a client when stuck in traffic share a charity run route with followers on Facebook or Twitter direct emergency personnel to you quickly Find my friend Find My Friends helps you to locate your friends and the site determines the exact location on the application and navigational map. Its the perfect way to keep track of friends, whether youre shopping in a mall, and visit the museum, and camping in the great outdoors or on their way to meet the best ever for the party this year! For families, it provides peace of mind. Theres no need to constantly text message children or other relatives to find out where they are, and if it is safe. Find My Friends allows for everyone to stay in touch without having to send or reply to an endless stream of Where are you? Texts. Find My Friends uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for state-of-the-art to provide the most accurate, up-to-date sites in real time. I did not wonder where your friends, if they had lost, stuck in traffic, or just late. With the search for my friends, and it will not take long to figure out where your friends are in fact helping them to get where theyre supp osed to be. Its an easy to use for a specific friend and people finder app Android Device Manager Android Device Manager is functionality thats built into every Google Android device and can be turned on by simply flipping a setting. You can learn more on how to do that by clicking here. Once enabled, you can use Android Device Manager on your Android device or computer to quickly find your device. From there, you can go get it back, wipe the device, sound an alarm so you can find it, and even reset your lock screen PIN. Its an essential tool thats built right into Android and you should definitely take advantage of it. Requirement (Basic). The purpose of this app is to locate someone and find it by using Google mapping and turn on the GPS and run the app you will see a point in the map the point means the person who gives you the possibility to see where his place: Father : is the manager and he has a possibility to see the map and where the another person location, Add child in database the name and location number. Child : is a person download the program and the program will hide in the background, he cant see the map because is disable for the child. Design Father Childid Ngps Egps Timer First of all you have to download the application in your phone and in the person who want to locate his place, to locate a person you have first internet to make it available to another   person, second make the GPS on to make the location available for another person My application is an application in android, it is for locating a person for example father and child the father want to see his child location.

SWOT Analysis :: Business, Administration, Analysis

SWOT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This type of analysis is designed to help identify several areas of a business that may need improvement and other areas where the company may be able to improve upon. SWOT is an acronym for; Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats. A company should consider this analysis to be one of the most important steps to becoming one of the leading stores and schools of this nature in the area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A business idea gets started by acquiring knowledge of a product, market or skill. In this case, the company’s idea got started from the skills gained from years of diving and love of water and marine life. These things inspired the owner to start his business. One of the most difficult things to identify as a business owner and as an entrepreneur is that area where the company or owner is lacking strength. When considering a business venture, normally one is not looking at the negative factors of the business itself. In most cases, the entrepreneur looks at the positive factors that can help his business get started. SWOT Analysis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengths †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Highly Qualified Staff †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reasonable Prices †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 20 years experience in the business †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Offers scuba gear, training, certifications & eco trips †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good rapport with customers Weaknesses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lack of mission statement on the website †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lack of competition †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limited funds (Typical in small businesses) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over $200k in inventory (Too much capital invested in inventory) Opportunities †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Virtual store (Offering used equipment and possible equipment trade-in) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New retail store †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proper advertisement (Direct mail, sponsorships, place mats, radio, television advertisement, travel and sports magazines, Verizon yellow book etc.

Ebonics :: essays research papers

The use of Ebonics in rap lyrics is becoming more and more apparaent in today's society because there are so many more people of all cultures and age groups beginning to listen to rap. More and more of the younger generations today are imitating the style of their favorite rapper; for example, today there are kids all around the world dressing up with baggy clothes, wearing their hats real low, and changing the way they speak so they can sound like their favorite rappers. The way that the use of Ebonics in rap has effected not only the American culture, but cultures all around the world shows just how popular Ebonics has become in today's society. The lyrics from the rap by Jay-Z entitled "99 problems but a b*tch ain't one" has great lyrics showing the way rap and Ebonics has effected the way African Americans are viewed as today in both a positive and negative aspect. In the first verse Jay-Z gives us a good example how rap with the use of Ebonics has made him rich when he says, "Rap mags try and use my black a** So advertisers can give 'em more cash for ads...f**kers I don't know what you take me as or understand the intelligence that Jay-Z has I'm from rags to ritches n***as i ain't dumb..." However, Jay-Z also shows how rap and Ebonics also shines a negative light when he says, "The year is '94 and my trunk is raw In my rear view mirror is the mother fuckin' law I got two choices y'all pull over the car or (hmmm) Bounce on the devil put the pedal to the floor Now i ain't tryin' to see no highway chase for Jay Plus i got a few dollars i can fight the case So i...pull over to the side of the road i heard "Son do you know what i'm stoppin' you for?" Cause i'm young and i'm black and my hats real low But do i look like a mind reader sir, i don't know Am i under arrest or should i guess some mo'? "Well you was doin fifty-five in a fifty-four"

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I rediscovered something while trying to think of my speech for tonight. History repeats itself. Everything I felt compelled to say I knew has been said before and will be said in times to come. I grew dismayed at the thought that the human race has progressed so little that the same advice has as much merit now as it did when it was first given, millenniums ago. Yet there is a simple beauty in this. It reassures us that humans will always be human; that everyone is experiencing life for the first time, no matter how many ancestors lie before them. Since we are each seeing life anew, the same truths will occur again and again. These truths have brought us to this point in history; they will carry us for the rest of our lives. Inner motivation is the force that drives us upward and onward. We all know how to rely on that force. It does not matter what degree of "success" or "achievement" we reach, so long as what we do reach is comfortable for us. Whether our motivation compels us simply to make it to school each day, or to juggle multiple outside interests with difficult class loa...

Media and Children

Today I came here to discuss the topic media and children In this topic I will I tell you what is the influence of media on our childrens But First of all I will explain to you what is media? Media: Communication channels  through which  news,  entertainment,  education,  data, or  promotional messages  are disseminated. In my opinion Our media has negative impact on our children’s . because When children see scenes of violence, natural disasters, and crime reports on TV Which leads to stress, and fear among children leaving far reaching impacts on their personality.Now I will tell you some points with examples Blind Imitation: you have often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly do you give a thought to whether they are doing right or wrong?. in such that the impact of media is wrong Wrong Message: in our society negatives are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are port rayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages.But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems.A survey is conducted by  Gilani Research Foundation, on January 20, 2011 According to that survey Fifty two per cent people believed that media has a valuable effect on culture and lives . Whereas,   29 per cent said that it left no impact on their lives. A considerable 19 per cent gave no comments because they were unsure. Now I will te ll you about a seminar which is organized by a Youth Forum on Tuesday, June 29, 2004 at Aga Khan University Auditorium. The speakers said that research had shown that children were prone to imitate what they saw on media.Teachers' Development Centre Director Prof Abbas Hussain said that children through media got aware about certain facts of life mysteries, contradictions, tragedies and violence, which were not considered suitable for them to know. suggestions parents should see what children were watching in order to minimize the effects of such programmes. â€Å"Television should not be used as a baby-sitter,† we should remove television sets from bedrooms, monitoring of the websites they visit, setting of time limitation and finding alternative activities for them would be very helpful in reducing negative effects on personality of children.

Female Correctional Officers

Female Correctional Officers Jordan Beth Stevenson Introduction to Corrections October 25, 2012 Saeler Abstract This research paper consists of brief history of how female correctional officers came to be in the system and the court cases that hindered and helped their process. It also consists of the stereotypes and struggles the officers are faced with in this line of work; such as weaknesses and home life association. Sexual harassment and discrimination is a problematic topic that is unavoidable. Statistics will also be mentioned and explained throughout the paper.Being a female correctional officer is extremely difficult and is not encouraged, but it is possible. Female Correctional Officers Women have been involved in the criminal justice system since the beginning. Females have been trying to work side by side with men in every aspect of finding and controlling justice in society. However, women have not been able to work in all of the areas of the system. The correctional off icers of prisons are extremely necessary aspects since the Walnut Street jail in the criminal justice system, yet only men were able to fill that position until the 1970s.Going through the history of how women came to be able to work as correctional officers will give an insight of the challenges and struggles they went through and still fight today due to the stigma of being a woman. The stereotypes that follow female officers cause hiring and retaining issues amongst the work ethic and daily activities of the officers. Overcoming these problems had been a difficult task and still is being tackled in institutions today. Discriminations are also a problem, especially from the male coworkers.Women face possibility of sexual harassment everywhere they go. Working in a male offender facility increases those possibilities. Dealing with the differences between males and females as well as competing for the same position as a man causes tension in the workplace and in society. All of thes e aspects are large parts of the career for female correctional officers. History Women have been in the correctional system since the early 1930s working in the administrative department and as secretary-like positions.The idea of a woman doing more than just paperwork was unheard of and it was looked down upon when a woman tried to excel in anything more. In 1977 though, the U. S. Supreme Court heard a case that forced them to address the issue of women in the correctional system as a working officer. The case of Dothard v. Rawlinson stated that a woman was denied a position as a correctional officer at a male institution in Alabama. It stated she was denied the position because of the conditions of the prison and the predatory nature of the male inmates (Seiter, 2011, p. 406).Women were not seen as equals to men, especially in this department. After this case was publicized, organizations began forming in order to change the law so women could hold the positions they wanted and d eserved. The Public Service Employment Act had only hired men to work in male facilities and women to only work in female facilities. In 1977, The Public Service Commission announced that they were going to review the justification for the restriction and try to overturn it. The commission wanted to have the opportunity for all candidates to be equal in being hired.Certain human right acts also tried to help gain equality by auditing some government agencies to assure there was no discrimination. The Employment Equity Act was formed to enforce compliance for the employment standards (â€Å"Women Correctional Officers,† 2012). With this act, women were able to fight back against the department for the chance to be hired as equals to men. In 1979, a case was presented to the U. S. District Court of Iowa, Gunther v. Iowa, which stated that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to not hire women for the positions of correctional officers (Seiter, 2011, p. 06). When this case was determined, it forced all facilities to consider all candidates for the correctional officer positions. And, if they refused to still not hire females simply because of their gender, they could face being sued and having a bad reputation. It was problematic for most institutions at the time because there was a strong stigma against women, claiming they were not able to perform as well as men. Although women are statistically proven to not be as physically strong as men, it is not proven that they are not as good of workers as men.This logic was flawed and deservingly overturned. Stereotypes and Discriminations Women have stereotypes in every aspect of life. Stereotypes sometimes have a dominating affect on the hiring process and retaining the position. Although credentials and producing good work during your hours is what should count, it does not always take prevalence. It is proven that men are physically stronger than women. That does mean that women do not know how to fight or p rotect themselves. Women are trained the same as men in order to become a correctional officer.According to MacDonald (2012), the fact that women go through a menstrual cycle and have PMS can play a role towards their ‘weaknesses’ of being a woman. Many employers see this as a weakness and that it leaves a window of weakness during that time of the month due to the typical symptoms of a menstrual cycle and PMS. Symptoms such as fatigue, headaches or migraines, menstrual cramps, aggressive behavior and mood swings are the mentioned ones. What is not mentioned is that only 30 to 40 percent of women have PMS (Premenstrual syndrome facts, 2001).So putting this stereotype on all women is statistically wrong. Not only are aspects of every woman seen as weaknesses, but there are a few extreme females who make a title against all other women harder to stand by. A woman who plays the ‘poor helpless female’ or uses the fact that they are good looking to their advanta ge has a ripple effect in opinion of all women. If a male employer falls for the act and then the female employee is not an efficient worker; he stereotypes all women to be like that one bad employee. Women also get the stereotype of being promiscuous, especially if they are attractive.If a romance were to form at work, if a coworker hears of how you act with a boyfriend, or if she is single and flirts with one male coworker, it could get manipulated into that woman being a ‘slut’. It takes a long time and a lot of hard work to eliminate that stigma. All of these features are signs of weakness to the men they work with (MacDonald, 2012). Women can be and are as professional as men can be. In fact, it is more likely for a man to be promiscuous because the hormone in which cause sexual arousal is testosterone. Men naturally produce 4 to 7 milligrams of testosterone a day.Women produce only a tenth of that daily (Kryger, 2011). So, the overall biological sex drive is much higher in male then females. On the other hand, there are the unattractive or just want to do their job and not be social, they are labeled to be a lesbian most of the time. Female correctional officers also struggle with having balancing a home life while working the long and sometime odd hours of a correctional officer. Women are reprimanded for not being more involved with their children or families lives because of the mentality the older generation still has of the women should be a stay at home mother (MacDonald, 2012).Sexual Harassment Female Correctional Officers are faced on a daily basis with the possibility of sexual harassment. When working in a male facility, women are in very close quarters with sexually deprived offenders, including sexual offenders. The sexual tension among the men is going to be high but when a woman is mixed into the tension, the situation could easily escalate. There are three main models of sexual harassment that have been found in male prisons a gainst female officers. The first model is the natural-biological model.It is best explained as harassment that is not harmful but rather brought out simply by natural sexual attraction. Just by placing female correctional officers in the facility increases this type of harassment. The next model is the sociocultural model and is power driven. Men typically feel as they are better and stronger than women both mentally and physically. So, the differences between genders in any workplace could bring out this type of harassment. The last type is the organizational model. This model is best explained by the hierarchical relations.By having a woman in power, such as a correctional officer, the male in a less powerful position want to be in power so they try to use sex to bring the female down to their level or lower. It is a manipulative attempt (Savicki, Cooley and Gjesvold, 2003). All three of these types of sexual harassment are unacceptable and instead of offering more readily availa ble programs to help sexual offenders, the solution is to take the women out of the correctional facilities. The question then lies; what happens to the women on the streets or in the homes of the offenders once they are released from prison?The inmates can find several ways to harass the female officers from simply calling them names like â€Å"sexy†, among other names on much worse levels, to actually masturbating and ejaculating on to the officers as they walk by. Some inmates will act ill or as if they are in trouble to lure the officers into or close to the cell for a chance to grab at the officer in a sexual manner (Monthly law journal, 2010). Even though the name calling seems minor and almost unimportant compared to physically being harassed in some way, both actions take a toll on the mentality of the officer.The mentality strength of both men and women are about equal. This says that if a man in a female facility were to undergo similar harassment, they too would fe el the mental stress and damage being done. Yet, men are still in female prisons and have been since the first female institution was established. Statistics Female correctional officers make up 22. 3% of all employees in the department in the United States (Ronquillo, 2008). Female correctional officers are typically single, either never married or divorced.The stress on both the woman and the spouse is higher than most careers due to the high risk of the job. It has also been shown that women are more likely to have attained a higher education than males (Savicki, Cooley and Gjesvold, 2003). With more education, it opposes a larger threat on the males working along their sides because they could more easily get a better position or be promoted. A higher education also gives an advantage as to adaptation and flexibility to a variety of different careers, including moving up from a correctional officer to a warden.Females also tend to view their job differently than men. Women are l ikely to choose a corrections position with the interest in human service or rehabilitation, whereas men primarily will seek the career of law enforcement or other security aspect (Savicki, Cooley and Gjesvold, 2003). The mindset of women, although different from most men, is still fitting for the position of correctional officer. Conclusion For women living in and trying to compete in a male dominated world seems impossible.Female correctional officers have many difficulties and challenges to overcome by not only the inmates, but by their coworkers and administrative personnel. It was a struggle to initiate being in the field of corrections and it is still a struggle today to get a position and retain that position. Stereotypes, sexual harassment and the severity of the job alone are factors a female correctional officer has to conquer. To keep the position they have to fight harder than men. It is not an easy career to maintain but that makes it even more rewarding when one does s ucceed. References 2001). Premenstrual syndrome facts, disease nutritional support strategies. Retrieved from http://www. healingwithnutrition. com/pdisease/pms/pms. html Kryger, D. (2011, February 13). Women and testosterone. Retrieved from http://www. wellnessmd. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=106 MacDonald, J. (2012). Women in corrections. Retrieved from http://desertwaters. com/? page_id=733 Monthly law journal article: Civil liability for sexual harassment of female employees by prisoners. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. aele. org/law/Digests/jail137. htm

Case Study on East Meets West: Business Joint Ventures Essay

* Why would a joint venture partner from a planned economy have difficulty understanding that the consumer is king or queen? Answer: Every economy has its own characteristics as both good and bad as well. In any economy, there are rules and regulations fortified in the manner to help the citizens and so that the businesses can get enough revenue from their customers. As we see in today’s world, we can see that only the open economies are getting through the international competition and sustaining in the long run of multitasking operations. As in a planned economy like Soviet Union, Marxism-Lenism had some limitations too. Usually there are not many competitors and whosoever the businesses are; the procedures are controlled directly by the govt. The businesses started to think that customers will have to buy whatever they offer because they have not much of alternative choices. Maybe that can be alright for their country but not sustainable for any other country in this world. On an open economy, businesses understand, they have to satisfy the customers only and customers have a set of choices and alternatives available in the market. If their business can’t offer something much superior or different, there revenues will suffer. That’s why, because of the understanding of the business, they treat their customer as kings or queens. * Could a small business owner tolerate a business deal that had little probability of being profitable within the first 10 years? Answer: Small business owner doesn’t mean the entrepreneur doesn’t have any other businesses or way of earning. But if the business is only the way, of course no one will be able to tolerate this kind of business deal. Usually these kinds of deals are inevitable in industries like real estate, long term investment firms etc. There are not much information here about a planned economy right here and we can’t see how much they appreciated the FDIs is in their land. But in an open economy like most of the economies of this world, there have to be revenues actually. The businesses will have to pay their costs and maintain their operations running at any cause. At least their have to be sales enough to maintain both the variable and fixed costs of the business, If there are not much of profits, the business won’t have to pay much tax rate but if there are loans and financial debts, they will have to pay a certain percentage of their profits and if the forecasted profit s are not enough to pay, eventually they won’t get any kind financial help from any financial institution. As 10 years is a long time to build brand equity to the customers in an open economy, any one of the ventures can be impatient and break the deal. At any cost, maybe not for two years, or 3 years, the profit must come then enough to occupy the market and satisfy the contractors. Usually, for the first years of a business firm, they invest in getting brad equity and setting up customer loyalty and also in understanding the consumer behavior in their current operations. But this is brand management in their long term investment. But eventually, in joint ventures any one of the parties are sustainable and able to run their operations and known to be at least a provider of a certain group of customers. Profits may not come to be a point in these areas of generation but when the venture is formed and ready to serve the market, after calculating the time to build a level a brand equity and CRM, they must obtain profit to run their business enthusiasm. Even of there are big business owners. I suspect if they will be able to deal with such improbability. * Why have few Americans been willing to enter into joint ventures with Soviet partners today? Answer: As the situation provided is due to the environment in mid-1991, there are certain points to consider. We know that, in mid-1991, the recession of US was ended. Thus many companies who was facing a huge amount of loss got their heads up and start their operations again. In the 1990s, Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika offered the people little in substantive, near-term economic improvement, and his policies of demokratizatsiia resulted in rapidly raising their expectations while lessening the regime’s controls over society. As a result, in mid-1991 the Soviet Union appeared to be a disintegrating federation with a collapsing economy and a despairing, confused society. In August 1991, Bush and Gorbachev signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which required the United States and the Soviet Union to cut their nuclear weapons within seven years so that each side would have only 4,900 ballistic missile nuclear warheads as part of a total of 6,000 warheads. The two countr ies had been engaged in the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) since 1982. In another collaborative effort, the Soviet Union voted with the United States and an international coalition of nations to oppose the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, a nation that had been the recipient of substantial amounts of Soviet military advice, equipment, and weapons. There has been a lot of changes in USA and Soviet Union constitutions on that time, maybe the destruction of weapons and an urge of being able to dominate each other’s economy, they came close to get to business relationships. Both of them were two of the most powerful part of the world and maybe one of them was trying to dominate the other but these are political overlooks. The business point of view strategizes the collapse of socialism in Soviet Union and because to the law changes in the field of business policy, there could be alliance powerful enough to understand the multinational consumer behavior of the other countries. Maybe those are the reasons why there has been so much eagerness of these countries to come close in professional relationships and diplomacy. References: 1. Soviet Union, Country Data, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12406.html 2. Business for the 21st century by Steven J Skinner and John M. Ivancevich.2003.

How to differentiate literary texts Essay

Carter argues that there are six particular features which can help differentiate literary texts from others and that a literary texts will exhibit most or all of them. These features are medium independence, genre-mixing, semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81-85) If I look at the first feature identified by Carter, medium independence which means that a literary text does not rely on another medium or media to be read ,(Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81 ) and apply it to my texts, I can see that the extract from The Lord of The Rings is indeed medium independent. The extract does not need photos and the text â€Å"stands up on its own†, it needs no additional information. By contrast, the advertisement from the online catalogue is media dependant. The text at the beginning and the end describes a ring which is obviously for sale so a photo seems to be quite necessary as I do not think many people would buy a piece of jewellery without seeing it no matter how appealing the description is. The text itself seems to beg for an accompanying photo so I think it can safely be said that it is medium dependant. The second feature identified by Carter is genre-mixing which is the idea that any style of writing not necessarily associated with a literary context can be used to create a literary effect. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) If I am to look at the Lord of The Rings extract, there is some genre-mixing although not very much, the extract is obviously part of a novel but the last two lines read like poetry. Of course poetic features are usually associated with a literary context by their very nature so what those last two poetic lines do for the rest of the text is to â€Å"elevate† it, that is, convey the feeling that the extract has literary pretences at the very least or is simply literary in some ways. In the second text, genre-mixing is more obviously present, the first paragraph is concise as it describes a ring which is for sale but the rest of the text which introduces Jade Jagger as the designer of the ring is mainly written in journalistic style. The las t two lines go back to â€Å"advertisement† written style. Semantic density, the third feature identified by Carter is deemed by him to be very important. He believes that semantic density is a clear sign of the literariness of a text. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) The Lord of The Rings extract has semantic density. One cannot escape the sound patterning and many alliterations which are present in a lot of the text. The text is actually peppered with it. For example, â€Å"†¦the wizard stood looking at the fire ; then he stooped and removed the ring†¦.† or: â€Å"†¦..he now saw fine lines, finer than the finest pen-strokes, running along the ring, outside and inside:lines of fire that seemed to form the letters of a flowing script.† The actual sound patterning along with the syntactic arrangement shows clear semantic density. The use of the adjective fine along with two of its adverbs finer and finest coupled with the sound patterning serves to show how â€Å"fine† the script on the ring actually is. Similarly, the alliteration in â€Å"running† and â€Å"ring† plus the sound patterning as well as the two opposites adjectives â€Å"outside and inside† that immediately follow before going back to the â€Å"lines† which are now made of â€Å"fire† that â€Å"form† the letters of a â€Å"flowing† script (alliteration plus sound patterning again) give the reader a vivid picture of the actual ring. There is also contrast in the text. One example is â€Å"silent† and â€Å"clack†, another is â€Å"bright† and â€Å"remote†, it is as if those contrasts reflect the contrast between the two worlds, one which is Mordor, faint but unmistakeably dangerous and the normal peaceful world of the Shire. I must point out the seemingly random word association of the â€Å"clack† of â€Å"Sam’s shears†. The â€Å"clack† which is surely onomatopoeic because the sound â€Å"which makes up the word mimics the sound which the word refers to† (Short,1996, p.115) and the wonderful alliteration of Sam’s shears which once again produces a incredibly vivid picture, accompanied by sound no less! There is also some semantic density in the second text about the Jade Jagger ring. The first sentence has sound patterning as well as the syntactic arrangement: â€Å"†¦..sterling silver ring†¦.stylised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..design decorated†¦..a scattering of sparkling†¦. zirconias. Sound patterning and syntax aside, the alliteration â€Å"s†starting almost every word having to do  with the ring offers a mental picture of that ring, a very shiny one at that. The last sentence of the first paragraph also has the repeat alliteration in â€Å"edgy, contemporary, jewellery† which once again gives information about the ring but also about its potential buyer. Semantic density is also shown in this text by the reference to the â€Å" halcyon† days and the sentence stating that Jade Jagger â€Å"has since carved a feted reputation as an artist†.This is an abnormal paradigm as carving has to do with a concrete material such as stone or wood and it is not possible to physically carve a reputation. It is of course a metaphor (Mick Short,1996, p.7). The fourth criteria in Carter’s theory is polysemy which is the possibility for a text to be read in different ways. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) For example, in the Lord of The Rings extract, the room â€Å"becomes dark and silent†. It could of course be because Gandalf has closed the shutters and drawn the curtains, but it could also be due to the fact that the ring is in the fire and â€Å"waking up† revealing its true â€Å"dark† nature therefore affecting the atmosphere of the room. The reader is also told of Gandalf’s â€Å"bristling brows†, it could mean that Gandalf has stiff and coarse eyebrows which I indeed imagine him to have but it could also infer that Gandalf is showing irritation at Frodo’s trying to get the ring out of the fire, hence the â€Å"Wait!† before the â€Å"bristling brows†. The word â€Å"fiery† is also good because we have been told that the letters are â€Å"lines of fire† so they are obviously fiery but â€Å"fiery† could also allude to the dark language of â€Å"Mordor† or the quick and dangerous temper of Sauron’s spirit which is of course in the ring itself. My last example is that when Frodo receives the ring, â€Å"it seemed to have become thicker and heavier†. It can actually be that the fire, by revealing what the ring is, has also physically altered it and made it thicker and heavier but it may just seem thicker and heavier in Frodo’s hand because it is a dark ring, a ring of power and evil which the fire has just awakened. In the second text on the other hand, I cannot see any obvious example of polysemy apart from the â€Å"halcyon days† which can be read as the â€Å"carefree days† or the â€Å"mythical days† as it can refer to the mythical bird. Both meanings are plausible as the pop art scene in New York was famously â€Å"carefree and happy† and it has since acquired a â€Å"mythical† type of reputation. There is also the metaphor â€Å"carved a feted reputation† but I cannot see it other evidence of polysemy. The fifth feature of Carter’s is displaced interaction which means that the text is there for the reader to â€Å"read† and interpret as it wishes. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) The Lord of The Rings text is a perfect example of displaced interaction as there is nothing for the reader to do but read and provide meaning to the text. The Jade Jagger ring online advert however is not an example of displaced interaction as the aim of the text is to persuade the reader to buy a piece of jewellery. The last feature identified by Carter is text patterning which is similar to the idea of parallelism in which some features remain the same while others change. The variant features are usually words while the remaining features are structural. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.85) (Short,1996 p.14) The most obvious example of parallelism in the Lord of The Rings extract is the last two lines. While the structure stays the same with the same subject, The Ring, the verbs are different. What this does is attract attention to the verbs themselves which is presumably what Tolkien wanted as the verbs tell us what the ring actually does. It â€Å"rules, finds, brings and binds† Although different verbs with slightly different meanings, it gives a general idea of power. There is another example of parallelism in this text : â€Å" The letters are Elvish, of an ancient mode but the language is that of Mordor, which I will not utter here† Again, the structure stays mo re or less the same but the Lexis is different so as to focus the reader’s attention on the difference between the â€Å"letters† and the â€Å"language† and â€Å"Elvish† and â€Å"Mordor†. Tolkien wants to highlight these differences are they are crucial to the understanding of the story. In those two lines we also have an example of deviation, when something in the texts deviates from the perceived rules of English which makes it particularly memorable. Deviation is a part of foregrounding, the produce of â€Å"deviation from linguistic and non-linguistic norms† (Short,1996, p.12) The deviation in the last two lines is the invention of the word â€Å"Mordor† which Tolkien made up for the particulars of his story. This is called a neologism (Short, 1996, p.45) Finally, I must mention that the last two lines of the Lord of The Rings are an internal deviation, that is, they are two rhyming lines structured like lines of a poem but this is a departure from the rest of the text which has been written in prose. (Short,1996, p.59) Of course this internal deviation makes those two last lines even more memorable. Although there is some text patterning in the second text, particularly around the word â€Å"Jade†, I do not feel it can be compared to the other Lord of The Ring text as it doesn’t seem to actually reinforce an important message. So, if we follow Carter’s criteria when it comes to identifying a literary text, the Lord of The Rings extract seems to be more literary than the Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement. The Lord of The Rings extract is not medium dependant, it has some genre-mixing, it has semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. The Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement is medium dependant,it is not really polysemic, it is not an example of displaced interaction, I don’t feel it has important text patterning but it does have some semantic density. On Carter’s cline of literariness, The Lord of The Rings is indeed a literary text as it possesses all of the features which usually identify literariness. Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement does not seem to be a literary text according to Carter’s cline. Are the two texts creative? I am tempted to answer that if a text is considered literary then it must be creative which would make the Lord of The Rings extract creative as well as literary. I refer to Papen and Tusting who state that â€Å"creativity refers to making something which is new, which did not exist before the creative act† (Papen and Tusting,2006, p.315) Taking this into account, both texts analysed in this paper are indeed creative. â€Å"Cognitive poetics† which combines â€Å"linguistic analysis with insights from cognitive science in order to explain the relationship between  the language of texts and reader’s responses to texts† (Semino, 2006, p.37) is interesting as it implies that creativity is always present in literary and non-literary texts but that literary texts â€Å"are characterised by particular novel and creative uses of the linguistic and cognitive resources used in everyday communication.† (Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1 , cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Following from this is the assumption that, yet again, both the texts analysed in this paper are creative, none more so than the other but that the Lord of The Rings text analysed here would be considered more literary than the Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement as it showcases especially new and creative uses of language and â€Å"cognitive resources used in everyday communication.†(Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1, cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Eagleton with his sociocultural approach would imply that The Lord of The Rings text was definitely literary since the sociocultural approach states that literature is made so by society, whether the text had pretence to literariness or not.( Eagleton, 1983, p.11, cited in Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p.12) Since The Lord of The Rings has been widely accepted by society in the last 40 years as being a literary work, then it must be, according to the sociocultural approach. As a conclusion, I feel that there is an agreement across different school of thoughts that creativity is present in most texts so I would say that both the texts I analysed in this paper are creative in different ways. According to Carter’s inherency approach, the Lord of The Rings text is more literary than Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement and although I realise that Carter’s method of analysis is not without its weaknesses, I must say that I feel that The Lord of The Rings extract is indeed more literary than the advertisement because of the degree of inventiveness involved in the language (I could have added so much more to the analysis of the text) and imagination. I think that the extract (and the book it comes from) combines the two most important things when it comes to literature: beautiful language and a fantastic imagination. References: Maybin,J., Pearce,M., 2006, Literature and creativity in English, â€Å"The Art of English:Literary Creativity†, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Eagleton,T. (1993), Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell,pp.9-11) Carter, R, (1997), Investigating English Discourse:Language, Literacy and Literature, London, Routledge Thornborrow J., 2006, chapter 2: †Poetic Language†, The Art of English:Literary Creativity,, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Short,M.,1996, Exploring The Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose, Addison Wesley Longman Limited Papen, U&Tusting, K, 2006, Chapter 7:Literacies, Collaboration and Context,The Art of English:Everyday Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University. Semino, S., 2006, Reading C:Cognitive Poetics, The Art of English: Literary Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Seen,G. And Gavins, J. (2003), Contextualising cognitive poetics, in J.Gavins and G.Steen (eds), Cognitive Poetics in Practice, London, Routledge

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