Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK Essay

Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK - Essay Example Up to the 1950s, the UK state’s role in industrial relations was characterized as involving minimum intervention (Kahn-Freund, 1969). However, since the end of the Second World War, the UK state has increasingly intervened in industrial relations. It is fair to state that given the increased intervention by the UK state in industrial relations it is reasonable to conclude that there has been a determined shift away from voluntarism relative to collective bargaining agreements toward state intervention in supporting some minimum standards within the employment contract. The government or state’s intervention has moved toward a more active role in regulating the relationship between employee and employer and working conditions in the UK. This paper demonstrates the UK state’s shift from voluntarism to actively supporting minimum standards within the employment contract by tracing state intervention and the methods by which state intervention has been utilized. In general, states intervene in industrial relations in a variety of roles and capacities. They may intervene as an employer or as a supervisor or regulatory agent for income and price setting. States may also intervene as economic management, or for the protection of standards. States intervene in industrial relations as legislators and rule-makers. States may also intervene in industrial relations in an attempt to establish and promote the parameters of social order (Hyman, 2009). Historically, the UK has operated as an employer in its own right signifying private employers should follow the state’s example in how it treats its employees. As a result of this approach to employment principles, it was expected that employees in the public sector would seek to avoid tensions and conflicts in the workplace (Rollinson & Dundon, 2007).

The Principle of Double Effect Essay Example for Free

The Principle of Double Effect Essay The Principle of Double Effect (PDE) states that it is â€Å"morally permissible to perform an action that has two effects, one good and the other bad† (Harris, 71) if certain stipulations are met. A person would need to make use of the Principle of Double Effect in any situation in which there is what would also be called a moral quandary. A situation in which an action must be performed to achieve a good, but as a result of achieving that good, a bad is also achieved, would be cause to make use of the PDE. The PDE is basically a morality barometer—yes, this effect is bad, but how bad is it really when taking this good into consideration. The PDE strives to determine whether an action full of gray moral area is ultimately morally permissible, and it does so by judging the action through a number of set criteria. These criteria are, in brief, as follows: (1) The act in itself is morally permissible; (2) The good effect from the act cannot be achieved without the bad effect occurring as well; (3) The bad effect is merely a side effect, and not the means through which the good effect is achieved; (4) The good and bad effects are both equally balanced in importance (Harris, 71). In order for the action to be considered morally permissible, all four criteria must be fully met. Take, for example, the story of Mary and her ectopic pregnancy. Mary and her husband are practicing Catholics, and as such they have very strong beliefs against abortion and do not want to do anything that would go against the Church. However, regardless of the course of treatment chosen, Mary’s baby is lost, so this element should automatically be discounted as a determining factor. This in itself is a gray area. The four choices of treatment that Mary is given all have their own set of risks—some have higher risks to her, the mother; others have risks to the future of Mary’s and her husband’s efforts to have another child; all ultimately mean the termination of her pregnancy. Mary’s options include waiting for the egg to pass naturally, which poses a high risk to her the more time passes; taking a drug to thin the egg and force it to pass on its own; one surgery with a risk of making conceiving difficult in the future as well as the common surgical risks to Mary, and another surgery with less risk of complications in the future but also with the common risks of surgery. Because the pregnancy is lost regardless, I would advise Mary on deciding on a course of treatment as quickly as possible, because it is morally right to save oneself. She has already agreed to get treatment, given that the treatment doesn’t violate the Church’s teachings and that she can still bear children in the future. Because of the different levels of risks involved with each procedure, I would recommend the drug therapy. Both surgeries are risky due to the fact that they are surgeries, and the one is even riskier because it can lead to complications in Mary getting pregnant later. The option to let it pass naturally is probably more in line with the Church’s teachings, but it puts Mary at too great a risk and the pregnancy can’t be saved anyway. I would be loathe to think that any Church would encourage waiting it out so as not to be actually physically performing an abortion, when it is a given that the embryo will die regardless. Unfortunately, taking the drug treatment does not fully satisfy the criteria of the PDE: first, the act itself of a woman taking a drug to save her life is morally permissible. However, it is not necessary that she receive this treatment (or any other, for that matter) in order to survive. She can still survive without treatment; it’s just that the risks of her not surviving (or causing damage to her fallopian tube) is greater—note, NOT imminent. Second, there is no way for the good effect (saving Mary’s life) can be achieved without the bad effect (the embryo being killed)—especially when considering that the embryo is dead regardless. This bad effect is unavoidable because if she waits to pass the embryo on her own, she could die too. Third, and this is where the treatment fails to satisfy the PDF criteria, the bad effect is the means of achieving the good effect. The â€Å"abortion,† for what it’s worth, is the only way to guarantee Mary’s life will be saved—and that goes for the drug treatment as well as both surgical options. The fourth criteria is, however, satisfied because the death of the embryo—again, especially considering it will die regardless—balances saving Mary’s life. Based on the third criteria of the PDE, the only morally permissible way to â€Å"treat† this problem is to wait for the embryo to pass through the fallopian tube naturally, putting Mary at the greatest risk. All other options, despite how ridiculous it might be to even be referring to this as an â€Å"abortion,† especially considering the embryo will die regardless, require that the abortion, for what it is, must be performed in order to reduce the risk to Mary’s life. Therefore, no treatment is morally permissible and Mary has to take her chances.

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee LOVISE GEORGE EXPERIENCE IN THE VIRTUAL ETHICS COMMITTEES Reflective Critique Method As a part of our course, we should engage with six ethics committee. I have attended six ethics committee which has profoundly changed my experience in Teesside University. This reflective essay will use Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) and explain some of my experience in the ethics committee and how I managed in certain situation. I am concentrating on particular aspect participant information sheet. The incident occurred during my first ethics committee which I was due to delivery about my topic participant information sheet. I felt so miserable during at the time, this was my first experience to attend in this session so I have no much knowledge about research topics and terminologies .I thought that participant information sheet means it includes only the participant information and we should write about all details about participant details. My task was to speak about participant information sheet, looking at how this important for researcher what are the criteria should be included in information sheet .When I started to speak about my topic I become so tensed and I am not able to convey my ideas to other members. I stumbled with my first sentence so I could not able to complete my presentation .I felt shy and ashamed about my ability to speak to other members, but I felt so sad towards me and trying not to cry. When the class was finished immediately I left the class room a nd did not speak to anyone. I realized that have no confidence to speak in front of my colleagues and tutors about my subject. Totally I attended six ethics committee, when I was attended last committee my knowledge level increased and got a clear picture about my topic and now I knew as a researcher this information sheet is very essential to conduct their study and without information sheet can not conduct a research. Now I feel more confidence to speak and I can stick my opinion. When I attended ethics committee, I had both good and bad experience. While I am a member of ethics committee, helped me to learn some new ideas and analyzed and interpret each and every matter we discuss in the committee .Before I joining ethics committee I am always feel shy and introverted in social life, but once I actively joined with the ethics committee I become more extroverted and learned how to express my ideas according to my goals. It is clearly evidence in social participitation theory (Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux 2008) and helped me to how introverted person can be extroverted or social being. Then started referred different book, journals and even learn to browse internet to get a suitable point and skills to make me more confidence and accurate .The bad experience about committee, even if I prepared well with best of my knowledge, even then also while discussing with others they night have different ideas or views that make me confused weather my points were rig ht or wrong .Hence I still I have confusion in terms in philosophical paradigm and hypothesis. The situation was made good in my own research proposal and helped me to increase my knowledge about my dissertation topic. Knowledge and experience can make the researcher could perform more accurate and successful.(Verburg Andriessen,2011) To me as a learner this knowledge is essential for my research proposal and can prepare a good project. When I started to attended the first committee I thought in research’ Participant information sheet ‘is not much important role just we should invite the participants to take part in our research study .But now recognized without information sheet the research proposal is invalid and all information regarding the participant details will be handled in confidence. I can make a good research which I collected from information sheet. I got all sort of different necessary information from each sheet and I am confident that I can design a better quality research proposal as a part of my research. Each and every participant, who became a member in the research team, should have the aware about their rights and also very important to ensure their safety and dignity. There are six ethical principles can use to protect their participants from harm (ICN, 2003).However there are three rights for every researcher who actively involve in research: privacy, safety and dignity. It is important to keep the confidentiality which we get through participant information sheet. As a researcher every one must keep the anonymity without revealing their names. It’s a protocol to keep the patient details recorded in appropriate manner and it should be separated in different file with proper label and it must be in their cupboard or cabinet which is only accessible to authorized person. It is very essential to respect and keep the dignity for each and every person. While conducting any research, it’s necessary to explain about the purpose and reason for conducting particular researc h to every participant In retrospect, I am planning to do many things in different way. I have been more confidence and should be more proactive myself. I have discussed to the ethics committee members as soon as finishing the committee and I can contribute my opinion. However I learned from the incident is I should be more courage and I have to maintain a good relation with our supervisor in the coming weeks, so that I could do in a best way in committee. In future, I would ensure I will be more confident about research proposal either in qualitive or quanitive, especially in my particular aspect ‘information sheet. I am studying alongside with different teachers during my course, and I will speak about my nervous. I have already personal tutors and I have communication with her, and she helped me a lot to achieve my goal and how to present very well in future, so that I do not feel so nervous. I also want to share with my colleagues about my feelings and I think it will help to study from them. For training purpose I focused to attend in seminar when they were conducting in Teesside University and I want to achieve more confidence and this is the good method to improve my presentation skill. This reflective essay enhanced my level of thinking, knowledge and understanding its importance, had improved with use of reflective model .My competence level has also developed especially the ability to do my presentation in best way to begin. REFERENCES Parahoo, k. (2006) Nursing Research. Principles, process and issues.2nd ed .Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Corti, L., Day, A. Backhouse, G. (2000) Confidentiality and Informed Consent: Issues for Consideration in the preservation of and provision of Access to Qualitative Data Archives. Forum Qualitative Social Research.1 (3) p2-4. Tolich, M.(2009)The principle of cavet emptor: confidentiality and informed consent as endemicethical dilemmas in focus group research. Journal of bioethical inquiry.6 (1) p99-108. Knowledge sharing, Personality Traits and diversity. Available at: http//www.lindenwood.edu/mwr2p/docs/Amayah.(Accessed 5.5.14) Reserach ethics policy: Participiant safety and wellbeing. Available at: http: //www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/other/gov-ethics.(Accessed 2.5.14)

Comparing Illustrations of H. A. and Margret Reys Opposites :: Compare Contrast Comparing

Comparing Illustrations of H. A. and Margret Rey's Opposites and Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit Margret Rey and husband H.A. Rey are well known for their writing and illustrating the Curious George books. This paper is going to look at the way H. A. and Margret Rey and Beatrix Potter as authors and illustrators use images to express their feelings through these characters. H. A. and Margret Rey's Opposites, and Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit will be compared and contrasted. These two authors H. A Rey and Beatrix Potter has created two similar characters. Curious George and Peter Rabbit seem to find mischef wherever they go. There are also some distinct differences between these two books. In Margret Rey's Opposites, husband H. A. uses cartoon looking characters making the illustrations interesting giving it a feeling of fantasy. The characters in this book are all smiling and the colors seem to be more bright and vivid to catch the readers eye. The color yellow to me represents George's curiosity. This bright yellow also makes for a focal point in many of the Curious George books. For example in Curious George's Opposites bright yellow is represented on the majority of the pages. From a small flower taking up just a little area to the pigpen which takes up most of the page. To me this shows the importance or trademark of the yellow in Curious George series. Another book H.A. and Margret wrote was Curious George the original. This book is deal ing with similar characteristics. Curious George becomes curious when he sees that yellow hat lying on the ground. Again the characters are more fantasy like. The faces are all smiling which represents how this is an unrealistic story. Rey tends to use this kind of illustration to show how this is more of fantasy writing and not so realistic. He also uses round shapes rather than pointed or jagged representing innocence. As Curious George seems to be so innocent when he gets into this mischef. Another character that is curious and is always getting into mischef is Peter in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. In this book Beatrix Potter uses a different type of illustrations than does H.A. and Margret Rey.

Training and Development

Training and Development University of Phoenix HCS/341 Training and Development Training and development in today’s health care setting is an imperative process that must be engrained within an organizational structure. The organization’s Human Resource (HR) department must ensure that every employee in the organization is correctly trained to perform the job duties that are assigned. Managers must accurately measure each employee’s competencies in order to strategically plan and implement training and development programs geared towards the progression of the corporation. This paper will explain why training and development are vital in healthcare, the importance of measuring competencies, as well as describe the processes for tracking and evaluating training effectiveness. Training & Education Many people often correlate training in conjunction with development, although, these terms are to some extent analogous, both terms bear two different meanings. (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010). In the book â€Å"Managing Human Resources†, the term training is defined as â€Å"The process of providing employees with specific skills or helping them correct deficiencies in their performance† (Gomez-Mejia et al. 2010, p. 246). On the other hand, development is defined as â€Å"an effort to provide employees with the abilities the organization will need in the future† (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010, p. 246). In the health care setting, training and development of each health care professional is essential to improving the delivery of medical s ervices for patients and their families as well as organizational and personal growth. Medical litigation seems to be one of the biggest issues affecting healthcare today. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), which is an agency of the U. S. Department of health and human services, one of the most common root causes of medical error is the lack of training and education (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2010). The AHRQ states: Organizational transfer of knowledge can include deficiencies in orientation or training, and lack of, or inconsistent, education and training for those providing care. This category of cause deals with the level of knowledge needed by individuals to perform the tasks that they are assigned. Transfer of knowledge is critical in areas where new employees or temporary help is often used. The organizational transfer of knowledge addresses how things are done in a particular organization or health care unit. This information is often not communicated or transferred. Organizational transfer of knowledge is also a critical issue in academic medical centers where physicians in training often rotate through numerous centers of care. ([AHRQ], 2010, Chapter 2) In order to reduce these common issues affecting healthcare, HR departments’ responsibility is to implement proper training regimens geared toward supporting the organization’s goals and missions. Certain training techniques are geared toward focusing on the skills needed to perform job duties. Some of the types of trainings include: skills, retaining, cross-functional, team, literacy, customer service, etc. (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). By receiving essential required training, health care professionals would then be able to effectively deliver quality care, furthermore, improving individual and organizational performance in efforts to achieve business and personal growth (Bureau of Labor statistics, U. S. Department of Labor [BLS, DOL], 2009). Measuring Competencies Measuring competencies is an extremely important process for HR. Accurately evaluating the validity of each employee’s goes a long way in ensuring protection for the organization as well as the individuals receiving health care. Managers must conduct a Task Analysis, which is an examination of the job or duties to be performed (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). A properly conducted job analysis should contain all the necessary information needed to understand job requirements and should be used to identify knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required to execute job functions (Gomez-Mejia et al. 2010) . Once the analysis is completed, the KSAs are then used to determine what kind of training is needed for the organization (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). By accurately evaluating each employee’s competency level, HR is then able to develop strategic plans that will advance growth for the organization as well as the individual. Measuring competencies is also vital to make certai n all staff members have the proficiency to abide by the standards and requirements set by government agencies. If competencies are not measured correctly, liability and ethics issues may arise which can result in costly litigation battles that may impede an organization’s growth. Tracking &Evaluating Training Effectiveness The process for tracking and evaluating training effectiveness takes place in the evaluation phase of the training program (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). In this phase, evaluation of training effectiveness is assessed through a four-level framework method (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). The book â€Å"Managing Human Resources† illustrates the process of the evaluation phase and the classification of the four-level framework system. The book states: Level 1 refers to the reaction of the trainees, and it may consist of ratings on a satisfaction scale that assess how happy trainees are with the training. Level 2 refers to how much the trainees learn, and it may be assessed with a skill exercise. Level 3 refers to the trainees’ behavior, and it may be measured by observers of the work operation. Level 4 refers to the results, which are generally assessed through the financial measure of return on investment (ROI). Results, the highest level of measurement, seem to be the most desirable way of assessing the success of a training program. (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010, p. 264) This evaluation process in then followed by four levels of evaluation employed by Garrett Engine Division (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). The Garrett Engine Division evaluation process measures performance before and after the training for both trained and untrained employees (Gomez-Mejia et al. 2010). HR must also conduct performance appraisals, which is the identification, measurement, and management of human performance in the health care organization to make certain employees are receiving effective training (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). Conclusion In summary, quality training, education, and development is imperative for the success of any healthcare organization. In order to achieve optimal development an d growth for the organization and the employees, HR must implement proper training and development programs within the organization’s structure. Competency assessment is vital in the process of building an employee’s career development plan, in addition to reducing organizational liability issues (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). Therefore, accurately measuring competencies and training effectiveness through an evaluation phase and performance appraisals prove to be beneficial in a variety of ways, ranging from operational to strategic purposes (Gomez-Mejia et al. , 2010). References Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2010). Efforts to Reduce Medical Errors: AHRQ’s Response to Senate Committee on Appropriations Questions. In AHRQ’s Patient Safety Initiative (Ch. 2). Retrieved from http://www. ahrq. gov/qual/pscongrpt/psini2. htm Bureau of Labor statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. (2009). Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists. In Occupational Outlook Handbook (2010-11 ed. ). Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos021. htm Gomez-Mejia, L. R. , Balkin, D. B. , & Cardy, R. L. (2010). Managing Human Resources (6th ed. ) [Adobe Reader]. doi: ISBN: 9780136093527 Mays, S. , Swetnich, D. , & Gorken, L. 2002, March). Towards a Unique Patient Identifier []. Health Management Technology, 23(3), 42. doi: ISSN:10744770 United States Department of Labor. (2009). Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists. Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos021. htm Wager, K. A. , Lee, F. W. , Glaser, J. P. , & Burns, L. R. (2009). Purpose of Patient Records. In Health Care Information Systems. A Practical Approach for Health Care Management (2nd e d. , pp. 8-9). [Adobe Reader]. doi: ISBN: 9780470387801

Consider the writers’ intentions in writing their Gothic stories

What is horror? Horror is a way of coming to terms with anxieties in each person and in a society as a whole. But horror also plays a role of intensifying the imagination and gives people the adrenaline rush that comes, with being scared. Several factors contribute to the creation of different emotions and feelings. Stevenson uses a multitude of ways to give the overall effect of mystery and horror rather than a sudden, obvious indication. This reveals how Stevenson differs from previous gothic writers. Although Stevenson may have differed from previous gothic writers he still managed to include both traditional and more modern gothic conventions. By including full moons and by exploiting the excessiveness of science Stevenson maintains the more traditional and stereotypical gothic conventions. But by conveying two different characters that are the same Stevenson is including more modern conventions by revealing that terror was created by humans and can only be ended by humans. By using both traditional and modern conventions Stevenson is able to break boundaries by drawing on science rather than superstition but also by emphasizing that the horror experienced is in us, now. This is one of the things that need to be observed when concluding the effectiveness. Another thing to observe is when the novel was written. This greatly influences the way the novel has been written and the impact that it made on people of that time. Stevenson's Jekyll and Hyde novel may not seem too terrifying now with films such as the Exorcist coming out. The Exorcist was both original and modern in terms of convention. The Exorcist built on an idea that demons could possess individuals just like in Jekyll and Hyde where in the end Hyde possesses Jekyll permanently. This illustrates how even the most modern films copy certain aspects of Stevenson's gothic novels to emphasize the fear being experienced. But for the people and era of that time Jekyll and Hyde was a novel to be reckoned with and was definitely a bookmark to how gothic stories should be written. The way in which it revolutionized the way that gothic novels are, in that the setting and atmosphere were different then previous gothic novels â€Å"deadly smell†. With previous novels the only thing they needed to include was that it was dark, foggy, gloomy, isolated area that most likely contained a castle and was set in some unfamiliar part of the world like Transylvania. Jekyll and Hyde being a gothic novel included some of these but also managed to be effective in different areas. Jekyll and Hyde set their scene in a very familiar place (London), with the idea to emphasize the fear that the audience felt when reading about this tale, the way in which this was accomplished was by drawing on the frighteningly familiar rather than the absurd.. This was just one of the ways that Stevenson changed gothic books and made them into effective horror stories. However this was not the only thing which made Jekyll and Hyde an effective and daring gothic book. The anxieties that it dealt with showed people that either they were justified to feel this way or that things such as homosexuality are nothing to be feared of. The anxieties that it mentions are to do with science going too far, atheism growing and homosexuality. These all contribute to the effect of a horror novel. As Stevenson is trying to explore new ground with Jekyll and Hyde. The first thing to notice is that the characters are described completely different from each other, as one is a Doctor in a very high place where as Hyde can be described as having â€Å"ape like fury†. By showing the immediate contrast of the two characters Stevenson creates a sense of mystery which all gothic books should have. By creating ambiguity he is trying to lead the audience of that time to the wrong conclusion so as to make sure that the his book is shocking and intelligent. These qualities both contribute to the effectiveness of horror. However for that time the novel was nothing but a groundbreaking barrier-smashing novel at that time. Compared to some of the previous gothic novels you can tell how the genre of gothic has evolved from previous books which give everything away too easily and involve the most obvious give away (such as castles). Although this may be true for the late 1800's the same can not be said about today. With the fame that comes along with Jekyll and Hyde the majority of people already know the story, meaning that when they read the actual novel they could be disappointed by it, due to the fact that it's that old. Not only this but the number of films which take the story on usually let it down meaning that the audience does not have the same respect for the novel as the people of 120 years ago did. But whether or not people respect is not the case but whether they appreciate it is. One aspect that they could have appreciated from all the gothic writers was that they all identified themselves philosophically as romantics. Stevenson among others all had interests in the wild and untamed aspects of nature and they all believed in the power of human imagination. These thoughts lead to them becoming outsiders. These outsiders would have been appreciated because of their views were not expressed by the wider society. These views consequently were revealed in their novels. Just like another writer of the time Stroker (Dracula), they tried to perceive the main character as having an addiction to a certain drug. Whether it is blood or a concoction. Both writers attempted to give the reader a certain side of a character that had previously never been seen by audiences of the 1880's. Where as Stroker pointed out quite clearly who the evil demon was, Stevenson had a more suspenseful and unique style of only giving away the odd small ounce of information. I think that for his time Stevenson was quite ahead of the game with his piece Jekyll and Hyde. His attention to detail, whether it being about the atmosphere or how a man died was very unique for that time causing him to be famous for writing a novel like Jekyll and Hyde. Both the stories of Jekyll and Hyde and Dracula have certain similarities between them. Both writers pioneered in bending and breaking the rules of classic gothic horror stories. The more traditional of these two stories is Stoker's Dracula. Set in a dark unfamiliar setting of Transylvania, where like most gothic stories there happens to be darkness, fog, isolation and the super natural. Although both are very famous stories they differ in many ways. The story of Jekyll and Hyde is more to do with expressing different ways of really intensifying the readers, or viewers' imagination. Where as Dracula is more to do with the traditional way of scaring people through super natural occurrences that happens in the story, but unlike Jekyll and Hyde, Dracula brings in more emotions. These emotions of lust and love are not present in Jekyll and Hyde, where as they are a key aspect in Dracula. Another key difference that appeared in Dracula was a motive. The motive of falling in love made this man wild and crazy. Where as it can be argued that Jekyll's motive is more to do with scientific experiments rather then emotion. But others can say that Jekyll and Hyde really has no motive to cause all of this death and suffering in the world, except for the fact that being in a high position could mean that you are suppressing your anger. This suppression is due to the fact that Jekyll's reputation as a doctor depends vastly on the actions that he has committed. So when his suppressed anger is let out it takes the form of Hyde. Although count Dracula is also in the same high position, his anger is not suppressed meaning that his anger is let out in arguably healthy ways. This reveals that there must be some kind of compromise between Jekyll's lack of anger and Dracula's excess of anger. Although in this case the writers seem to have different opinions on how to make the audience perceive their monsters, they both tried to deal with the same issues. The main similarity between Dracula and Jekyll and Hyde is that they try and reveal the anxieties of society at that time. They both tried to illustrate science going to far, in both of their novels. The ways in which both writers accomplish this are different but effective. The reasons for revealing anxieties, was not only to make the audience feel adrenaline but also to show them that such things were ridiculous to be afraid of. These two writers were not the only ones that tried to both revolutionize and be effective. As the signalmen was wrote. In the novel the Signalman Dickens describes the environment as having an â€Å"earthy, deadly smell†. This reveals us how like Stevenson's book that there is a super natural aspect to the plot of the story and that this brings in a mysterious presence into the story. Which leads the audience to ask what the super natural thing is. The product of this super naturalism is ambiguity. The effectiveness of ambiguity can be seen with in all three novels, as ambiguity is made to make the reader think and try to some sort of conclusion before the plot is revealed and all is clear. Another similarity between the characters in the play is that they are both conceived as short and hairy. This is to get the audience to imagine them having similarities to certain animals â€Å"ape like fury†. This may also illustrate another anxiety felt by society regarding people that were short, abnormal or hairy. Again this adds to the effectiveness and impact of each of the novels. Showing us how a combination of characters, plot, ambiguity and anxiety leads to the effectiveness and appeal to the audience of that era and era's to come. Although anxiety's and ambiguity maybe one of the many techniques for effect. The one, which is predominant, is tension. The writers' intentions are to use many different aspects of gothicness and expand on them, this is done so as to make audiences more vulnerable to the things around them† it was as if one had left the natural world†. All horror stories include tension so as to be affirmative that they can terrify and astound the audience in different and more realistic ways. All three novels have an essence of tension in them or else audiences may not of found them entertaining. The writers' all include a sense of ambiguity, so to create the tension as much as possible. On top of this they all present characters, unlike any other previously experienced, all of which have mysteriousness about them. An example of this is the Signalman. Within the Signalman the main character behaves in many paranormal ways. This suggests to the audience that he maybe suffering from either a problem regarding his eye or a problem that causes him to hallucinate the appearance of specters. Also the characteristics that I character holds also adds to both the originality and effectiveness of that character in the novels. In the Signalman the main character is portrayed as a wasted youth, student of natural philosophy . The effect of bringing new and previously unheard of characters, both astonishes the audience as well as adds to the originality of the horror story on the whole. A crucial aspect of every gothic novel is the questions left at the end. In the case of the Signalman a quote from Colridge revealed that it was â€Å"unclear what to conclude†. I think that the unanswered questions add to the thought process that the audience must go through. This reveals how having unclear endings leads to the audience being more assertive in what to rule out and what not to. Overall the fact that the audience has to actively think adds to the creation of tension through ambiguity. To conclude I think that the writers were all trying to adjust people's perception of what is scary and what is not. By making the plot and features of the novels vary they have accomplished in changing people's views and expectation, both in society and from gothic novels. Not only managing this they have also managed to ensure that a combination of features present in novels can lead to a book becoming effective. Whether from the characters or from the tension being built up via ambiguity and other devices used to build up tension. The effect of all of these is that it takes people to a place, which they rarely visit, that place being their fears. The purpose of such novels is to make people face up to their fears, which they previously haven't experienced or haven't encountered. This reveals what the writers intention were to take people out of their mundane lives and surprise and shock them with their horror novels.

How to Set Up an Amazon Author Central Page in 3 Simple Steps

How to Set Up an Amazon Author Central Page in 3 Simple Steps How to Set Up Your Amazon Author Central Page Indie authors know the pressure of having to set up profiles on every new platform that pops up, promising to help you market and sell your books: Goodreads, Facebook, BookBub, oh my! It definitely adds up. But there’s one major tool that - if you haven’t already signed up for - you absolutely shouldn’t overlook: Amazon Author Central.What is Amazon Author Central?Amazon Author Central is a free tool that authors who have published a book through Amazon can sign up for   - whether they’ve published in print or ebook through Kindle Direct Publishing, or an audiobook through ACX. You can think of an Author Central account as your own private headquarters at today’s largest book retailer.Two of the significant updates that have been announced so far include:The ability for authors to manage their books and profile on all the different Amazon marketplaces from their one account - so they won’t need to log in and out to all of the internatio nal sites.It will also give users access to Amazon Author Insights: a hub of articles with tips on writing, publishing, and marketing.Have you tested out the beta program? Have you already used Author Central to optimize your Author Page? We’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments below!

Role of Criminal Justice System and Illicit Drugs. essays

Role of Criminal Justice System and Illicit Drugs. essays There is considerable debate about the role that the Criminal Justice system should play in the control of illicit drug use (Study Guide 1001CCJ 2003, p.69). The Australian drug policy currently operates within a prohibition model, which states that the production, distribution and use of illicit drugs are criminal offences (Cherney s drug problem, and there seems little doubt that combinations such as law enforcement, medicalisation and harm minimisation based alternatives will be the drug policy of the future. To begin, however, a brief description of the historical origins of prohibition is offered, followed by a review of the criminal justice systems goals in dealing with the control of illicit drugs. The prohibition of illicit drugs originated from a variety of reasons in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These included political economical, public health considerations as well as pressures from medical and moral groups (Study Guide 1001CCJ 2003, p.69). The rationale behind toughening illicit drug use in the 1960s and 1970s was, and continues to be primarily deterrence (Makkai 2000, p.64). De...

Breezy case

This case analysis explores the possibility of Breezy, a leading supplier of carburators and air filters in North America, the possibility of developing offshore busines in countries where car manufacturing is growing. The report is structured as follows: First, there are five important questions that Breezy must consider and ask itself before developing a relationship with a new customer. After Breezy decides to go offshore, it will have to go through the negotiating process, which involves five steps. Breezy then, must have capabilities of how an offshore business is organized, consider the many different costs and risks involved in the implementation and decide how it will finance the project. The report also talks about how Breezy will have to modify its corporate strategy. Finally, the report concludes with the best reccomendation for Breezy to maintain its competitive advantage. 1. In exploring the possibility of developing a relationship with offshore car manufacturers, what questions should Breezy be asking? a) Who are the suppliers of carburators and air filters that Breezy will be competing against? This is an important question when conducting an external analysis of the players in the Industry because Breezy will be able to design a strategy that will make their products different from competitors. b) What are the car manufacturers human, financial, physical and organizational resources and capabilities? Breezy should be asking and investigating the firms that it plans on partnering abroad because they would not want to d business with car manufacturers that are not financially stable or have a bad organizational culture. c) How is the business done in the country (Brazil or India)? Breezy must consider the different business styles deriving from different countries in order to succeed in the global market. d) Does the car manufacturer have a good credit? Breezy must make sure its customers can pay for the products in order to avoid having to write off uncollectible accounts. e) Will Breezy be able to gain competitive advantage over local suppliers? Breezy could choose between cost leadership strategy or product differentiation strategy. 2. How should it approach the issue of negotiating with them? The negotiation process involves 5 steps: 1. Define objectives for the partnership: Breezy should have benchmarks in which to compare their objectives with the manufacturers objectives. These will define whether they can meet common grounds when doing business together. Examples of benchmarks include nature of agreement, duration of alliance, expectations, key aspects to protect, etc 2. Assemble a negotiating team: Breezy will have a team that represents all areas of the company affected by this relationship. In addition, the team will be composed of a chief negotiator, an experienced interpreter, and senior management personnel and personnel with knowledge of technical, operational, and legal details. The roles of the team will be to choose a negotiating technique and conduct due dilligence on the parties involved, understand the business and social customs of the country. 3. Establish trust: Breezys negotiating team should first build rapport with the manufacturers before presenting their proposals. 4. Establish the business framework: After rapport has been established, the team should be able to draw an agreement where all parties reach consensus, then outline the alliance in general terms, define objectives, consider how internal politics will affect the deal and define respective contributions of both sides. This should be done in a Letter of Intent. 5. Establish a legal framework: This will allow establishment of structure, definition of rights and obligations and scope of cooperation. (FITT, 6th ed). In the end, set the negotiations with a Memorandum of Understanding. 3. How should any offshore operation be organized? What are the key location considerations? Every offshore operation should have the right people. For example, a senior manager should be in charge of managing all operations with personnel with knowledge of global operations reporting to him. Therefore, there must be clearly designed roles for each person involved. Any offshore operation will be defined by the financial commitment that each party will contribute and the risks and rewards that comes from it. An foreign subsiadiary could be set up in the country they plan to enter in order to have face to face contact with potential and new customers. Regarding the global supply chain, companies will have to create a distribution strategy and implement it. Also, companies should select an intermediary involved to facilitate the shipping of cargo, aid with documentation and customs brokerage. Regarding location, companies going offshore must use the Porters Five Forces model. A location where the threat of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of rivalry, threat of substitutes and threat of suppliers are all low would be an ideal place to do business and exploit opportunities. The choice of country will be based on the efficiencies or competitive advantages it can gain from being located in that country. These include proximity to market, cheaper labour costs, production efficiencies, etc (FITT, 6th ed). In addition, if the country has trade or economic sanctions, is politically instable, has high tax rates, inadequate transportation systems and undeveloped banking systems, firms should consider going into other markets. 4. What costs are likely to be incurred in this venture? Transportation costs including cargo insurance and freight Labour costs Maintenance charges Taxes and International carges Loading and unloading fees Freigh forwarders, customs brokers fees Export fees Documentation fees such as obtaining licenses and permits Marketing and advertising costs 5. How could this initiative be financed? There are many different ways to finance the offshore venture and implement the plan. Breezy can get a loan from financial institutions, sell shares if it is a private corporation or sell shares on the exchange market if it is a public company. Another source of fund is acquiring a loan from venture capitalists or government agencies such as Business Development Corporation (BDC). 6. What business should Breezy be in? How should it revise its corporate vision? Considering that the North American industry is already saturated with limited scope foor expanding sales and profits have been significantly declining for Breezy, it is certain that the companys industry is in its mature phase of development. It is time for Breezy to take advantage of its competitive advantage by exploring new markets. Breezy should be in the business of producing carburators and air filters for the future popular car in India, in addition to the North American market, however due to the changing trends in the auto industry, where fuel efficiency is going under way, Breezy will have to adapt to the new trends in order to maintain its competitive advantage. Breezy should also keep an eye on countries where car manufacturing is growing. So far, the companys best strategy if it was to go into India or Brazil is to refine its current products , emphasize on increasing the quality of service with new customers, and focus on reducing manufacturing costs and increased quality through process innovations. The original corporate vision of becoming North America’s leading supplier of carburetors and air filters should be revised to becoming the leading supplier of fuel efficient carburators and air filters by expanding Breezys market share to potential markets. 7. What risks does the offshore venture face that the domestic company does not? Theft/ Damage of shipments in transit: If Breezy was to ship their products by sea, there is a risk of pirates or improper handling of containers, improper storage or conditions of the cargo. Missing documentation for customs clearance in the sea ports. Degree of expertise in international business documentation, transportation, payment, etc. Breezy has to find suitable intermediaries such as a freight forwarders to assist with the offshore venture. Culture differences: Breezy needs to adapt to the culture in which it is doing business in. Differences include language, geographic distance, cultural issues. Inadequate infraestructure such as roads, warehouses. If Breezy is going to do business in a thirld world country, it must consider whether it is possible to transport and store their products and maintain its condition and know if they have to spend extra for proper transportation and storage. Environmental considerations: Breezy needs to consider whether it has to alter the design and packaging to withstand the effects of climate. Cost escalation, higher costs: Breezy will have to be able to afford the higher costs that comes with doing business offshore and still be able to outscale competitors. Risk of having contractual disputes with new customers. Conclusion Overall, Breezy was faced with two alternatives. One was to stay in the North American market and extend its product offering and continue working with existing customers even though there was not much potential to exploit opportunities for increasing profitability. The other option is to expand its market share by going into new markets and developing new customer relationships. I believe the latter alternative is the best course of action for Breezy as it will be able to acquire new customers while taking advantage of its reputation and competitive advantage. Breezy will benefit from increased sales and will be able to stay in business.

Public Management Reform in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Management Reform in the UK - Essay Example This paper gives a comparison of power generation regulation in UK and India, with a number of insights on their drivers as well as ongoing strategy initiatives within the energy sector. The paper also point out a number of key issues along with policy limitations, both in meeting growth targets as well as in controlling emissions increase.The main objective here is to offer a reasonable as well as insightful classification of the factors that shape public management in each UK and India. This paper balances other research attempts of abatement prospective and prospects by offering an evaluation of basis - the framework of state of growth, future requirements and existing policy course. The people of the â€Å"world’s poor† reduced from 3 billion during 1991 to 2.4 billion during 2010, with almost this complete drop occurring in the UK. Majority of the world has not arrived at such sharp declines in poor standard of living. The population of the world’s poor apar t from UK has stayed on more or less 2.1 billion from 1991, regardless of a drop in proportional terms. According to the World Bank estimates, by 2017, this amount would decrease merely to 2 billion. Of the 2.4 billion poor during the year 2010, more than a third resides in India, who consists of almost 40 percent of the nation’s population. More than 50 percent of India’s inhabitants do not have access to electrical energy and they utilize kerosene for light. Merely one fifth of those utilizing electricity consume more than 100 kWh each month, in comparison with the average UK domestic utilization of more than 900 kWh each month (Barnett and Biornsgaard, 2000, p. 82). Therefore, broadening access as well as â€Å"meeting other development goals† (Kiameh, 2009, p. 95) will involve a considerable raise in production ability, even by developments in consumption efficiency. This earnings inconsistency has to be taken into consideration while expanding a load contri bution contract. â€Å"As the philosopher Henry Shue and others have argued, luxury emissions and not subsistence emissions should be the appropriate target of emissions reductions† (Keljik, 2008, p. 78). While one openly justifies this distinction, the comparative burden of India is minute, and is most likely activated just further than 2020. For instance, a current scheme for a burden contribution management for environment improvement supported by nations’ growing discharges from 2000 as well as their assets needs that the UK accept more than 30 percent of the universal improvement prerequisite during 2020, whereas India chips in more or less one percent (Kehlhofer et al, 2009, p. 66). A growth responsive analysis of burden sharing in countries does not mean development should be categorical or that improvement as well as expansion intrinsically diverges. In addition, both countries should focus on to the possibility of â€Å"getting locked† (Grigsby, 2007, p . 93) into flawed technologies and models of growth that will make it tougher to decrease emissions afterwards. Even a quicker look on India exposes discriminatory development in addition to a number of prospects for improvement in co-advantages. Despite the fact that India wants to develop, this sort of development will not chip in satisfactorily to growth unless it is comprehensive and prioritizes the requirements of the neglected. India has diverse evidence with respect to this issue. At the same time, as its scarcity level has dropped since 1991, â€Å"absolute poverty and income inequality† (Blume, 2007, p. 129) have remained more or less the

Assignment gender and fairytales Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gender and fairytales - Assignment Example The Greek castle itself had a hall or room (mans quarters) specially left for entertainment from women. This is where parties, dances and sex took place .However, there was another class of women who were supposed to attend parties with the king .They were considered to be more educated. The servants of the Aphrodite were a class of women in Greece who had a high level of sexual freedom. The island of Lesbos was associated by poet Salford. His work of poetry has drawn a lot of scholarly attention. He was not homosexual but wrote long poems about his longing desire for young girls. Greece poetry played a major role in religion and the world of sexuality. The secret band of thieves was a group of died avoiding disgrace from their lovers or homosexual lovers. Their death marked an end of classical Greece era and ushered a new era of Hellenism. This was subsequently followed by changes in sexual life in Greece. There were now stronger bonds between a man and a woman, and the elites in Greece started appreciating women in general. The male nakedness as the symbol of beauty was replaced by a female nakedness. During this time, man to man relationships were replaced by man-woman sexual relationship and the society started to accept the humanity of

The 5 'I's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The 5 'I's - Assignment Example This acts as the key inspiration that trigger the company to initiate a low sugar product that meets the needs of young children and old customers who are loyal towards the company products. In order to be successful in the soft drink market that is characterized by stiff competition, strong marketing team will be employed to carry out intensive market research. Through the use of feedback from parents and young consumers, the company will ultimately produce a quality brand that effectively puts at bay its competitors. Additionally, promotional strategies that include free samples, competition and road shows will greatly influence the demand of the new product among the young consumers. To be successful in the market, Coca-Cola will need to emulate various initiatives. First, duration of approximately 3 months is needed to undertake market research. After the research, the company needs to adopt marketing strategies for 6 months in order to create strong customer awareness (Tuomi 35). This implies that the company should employ various avenues of advertisement such as television, magazines as well as social sites including face book and twitter. For these strategies to be effectively put in place, the company requires approximate US $250,000 per year. To meet the high demand of its product in the market, the company will need to produce large volume of syrups in it production facility. In this regard, the technical team will be expanded and new machines will be put in place. Additionally, the company will adopt an effective communication system to monitor the sales of its new product in the current and new markets. Through the coordination of the 5 ‘I’, Coca-Cola will be not only successfully penetrate new markets but also it will expand its customer base an aspect that will contribute to its sustainable

CRITICALLY REVIEWING A JOURNAL ARTICLE Assignment

CRITICALLY REVIEWING A JOURNAL ARTICLE - Assignment Example Researchers have outlined several practises of strategic human resources management and HR management policies and impacts of such policies on performance of various firms of China. Ngo, Lau, and Foley, has contrasted SHRM and HR policies in terms of ownership structure (Ngo et al., 2008). Integration of SHRM and HR practices in the ownership or management structure will increase operational efficiency, financial performance, and employee management. Researchers have outlined feasible strategies for organisational performance. In addition, researchers have developed investigation on various SHRM practises on the expansion, acquisition, and employee motivation strategies. In the page 74 of research paper, strategic HRM is recognised as the key HR strategy in terms of increasing organisational efficiency (Armstrong and Armstrong, 2000). Activities of HR managers are modified to increase competence of employees. HR managers must adapt performance appraisal policies to motivate efficient and performing employees. However, compensation of employees and improvement programs are essential to maintain employee relationship and motivation. Managing employee behaviours is one of the major strategies that will be followed by the HR managers. Globalised firms are increasing use of long-term strategies so that they are able to achieve objectives, growth and sustainability in the competitive firms. Ngo, Lau, and Foley, reported that strategic human resource will align different functions of the employees in order to competitiveness of the firms. However, growth and sustainability strategies of the firms are depending on employee’s performance as per predetermined goals (Armstrong and Armstrong, 2011). Researchers have investigated on the HR practices adopted in the developing countries. Effective HR policies will increase the competitive advantage of the firms in global and

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example This report demonstrates the impacts of incorporation of advanced technologies on the business performance. The research aimed in this paper would help in understanding the need for incorporating technological and process based innovations in the business activities of a company. Such researches can be used by the managerial team of a concern in making their business act more efficiently and effectively in the competitive market. The research project involves the case study of Royal Mail to reflect on the strategic initiatives taken by a business company while incorporating technologies as the key driver. Royal Mail is a government listed company that caters to the delivery of large mail orders to huge number of customers spread along a large geographical basis. This company in order to strategise its activities incorporated data entry technological process in its business activities. The data entry operators of Royal Mail work on gathering and listing a large number of customer data which are duly addressed by the company through electronic mails. Royal Mail makes optimal use of the data entry network to market large number of products through the online paradigm. Further, the data sets are closely analysed by the business company to enhance the profitability parameter through pulling out the less performing objects. Thus through the incorporation and effective utilisation of the data entry technological processes Royal Mail successfully competes in the business environment.

The 5 'I's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The 5 'I's - Assignment Example This acts as the key inspiration that trigger the company to initiate a low sugar product that meets the needs of young children and old customers who are loyal towards the company products. In order to be successful in the soft drink market that is characterized by stiff competition, strong marketing team will be employed to carry out intensive market research. Through the use of feedback from parents and young consumers, the company will ultimately produce a quality brand that effectively puts at bay its competitors. Additionally, promotional strategies that include free samples, competition and road shows will greatly influence the demand of the new product among the young consumers. To be successful in the market, Coca-Cola will need to emulate various initiatives. First, duration of approximately 3 months is needed to undertake market research. After the research, the company needs to adopt marketing strategies for 6 months in order to create strong customer awareness (Tuomi 35). This implies that the company should employ various avenues of advertisement such as television, magazines as well as social sites including face book and twitter. For these strategies to be effectively put in place, the company requires approximate US $250,000 per year. To meet the high demand of its product in the market, the company will need to produce large volume of syrups in it production facility. In this regard, the technical team will be expanded and new machines will be put in place. Additionally, the company will adopt an effective communication system to monitor the sales of its new product in the current and new markets. Through the coordination of the 5 ‘I’, Coca-Cola will be not only successfully penetrate new markets but also it will expand its customer base an aspect that will contribute to its sustainable

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example This report demonstrates the impacts of incorporation of advanced technologies on the business performance. The research aimed in this paper would help in understanding the need for incorporating technological and process based innovations in the business activities of a company. Such researches can be used by the managerial team of a concern in making their business act more efficiently and effectively in the competitive market. The research project involves the case study of Royal Mail to reflect on the strategic initiatives taken by a business company while incorporating technologies as the key driver. Royal Mail is a government listed company that caters to the delivery of large mail orders to huge number of customers spread along a large geographical basis. This company in order to strategise its activities incorporated data entry technological process in its business activities. The data entry operators of Royal Mail work on gathering and listing a large number of customer data which are duly addressed by the company through electronic mails. Royal Mail makes optimal use of the data entry network to market large number of products through the online paradigm. Further, the data sets are closely analysed by the business company to enhance the profitability parameter through pulling out the less performing objects. Thus through the incorporation and effective utilisation of the data entry technological processes Royal Mail successfully competes in the business environment.

Lactase Enzyme Essay Example for Free

Lactase Enzyme Essay This lab will examine the specificity of an enzyme (lactase) to a specific substrate (lactose). Students will observe the actions of the enzyme and how shape is important to enzyme reactions. Background information: Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose (both six-sided sugars). Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Glucose is a six-sided sugar and fructose is a five-sided sugar. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose. Lactase can be purchased in pill form by people who are lactose intolerant. These people lack the enzyme, lactase, and cannot break down the sugar lactose into its component parts. Although lactose is similar to sucrose, lactase will break down only lactose because of the shape of the sugar. In this lab, you will see lactase break lactose down into galactose and glucose. You will also observe what happens if the shape of lactase is changed due to heating. Materials/ resources: * Lactase tablets: these can be bought in any drug store or grocery store. Fifteen milliliters of milk: any milk will work. Water: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Sucrose: five grams per group. * One hundred milliliter graduated cylinder/ten milliliter graduated cylinder: measuring water and enzyme amounts. * Three four hundred milliliter beakers: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Five test tubes: these tubes hold the different solution mixtures. * Test tube rack: hold the test tubes. * Marking pencil: mark the test tubes so that confusion does not occur. * Clock * Hot plate with a Pyrex test tube for denaturing the enzyme. Glucose test strips: these strips can be found in any drugstore. Stirring rod: helps to mix up the lactase tablet in the water. Lab procedures: 1. Gather the materials. 2. Label the test tubes with the following labels: 0 A. Test tube with skim milk and enzyme solution. B. Test tube with skim milk and water. C. Test tube with skim milk and denatured enzyme solution. D. Test tube with sucrose solution and enzyme solution. E. Test tube with sucrose solution and water. 3. In test tube A add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 4. Time for two minutes and test for glucose with the glucose test tape. Record this data in table 1. If there was glucose present mark a ‘+’ in the table. If glucose was absent, mark a ‘-’ in the table. 5. In test tube B add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of water. 6. Repeat step 4. 7. In test tube C add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of denatured enzyme solution. 8. Repeat step 4. 9. In test tube D add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 10. Repeat step 4. 11. In test tube E add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of water. 12. Repeat steps 4. Results: Glucose Presence in the Following Solutions| Type of Solution| Positive or Negative Glucose Result| Test tube A: milk and enzyme solution| Â  | Test tube B: milk and water| Â  | Test tube C: milk and denatured enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube D: sucrose solution and enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube E: sucrose solution and water| Â  | | Conclusion and Questions: 1. Diagram and describe the lactose and lactase reaction (may need to research this). 2. Why did the enzyme react to lactose but not to sucrose? 3. What happened when the enzyme was boiled? 4. Another way to affect the enzyme is by lowering the pH of the solution. However, lactase is supposed to be able to work in the stomach. Would lowering the pH of the enzyme solution affect the enzyme? Why or why not? 5. What type of reaction is this? Dehydration or hydrolysis? Content to be covered in conclusion paragraphs: It should explain the general conclusions of the lab. May refer back to background information to help explain the conclusion of the lab. Should refer back to the GENERAL data in the results. Restate the purpose and state whether the hypothesis was correct or not and why. Clearly state and explains how at least THREE errors may have occurred in the lab. Also explains common pitfalls a person SHOULD avoid.

Aristotles Friendship Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotles Friendship Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle addresses the topic of friendship in Book 8 and 9 of his Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle makes the argument that friends can be regarded as second selves. Aristotle says that just as virtuous behavior improves an individual, friends have the potential to generate improvements upon each others lives. The main gist of Aristotles argument is on the relationship between friendship and justice (102). He asserts that if people stay friends, they do not have any need for justice, but if they maintain justice, they also need friendship in addition. This paper shows that the arguments that Aristotle makes in support of this assertion is convincing. Additionally, the arguments made here explain both the ethical and political importance of friendship for Aristotle. Aristotle categorizes friendships into three categories: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure, and friendships of the good (107). He asserts that the failure or success of ones friend is just like the ones own failure or success. Friendships of pleasure are based on delight in other peoples company alone. People who drink beer together are said to be in this friendship. However, when these people no longer enjoy sharing the activity, the friendship may come to an end. Friendships of utility are those friendships that are formed with no regard to the other person. When a person is buying merchandise, has to meet the seller, but the relationship that is required is rather shallow. The only reason why such people communicate is for them to transact business. Typically, quarrels may result in this friendship only. Friendship of the good involves the enjoyment of each others characters. As long as these friends maintain their similar characters, their relationship endures because its main motive is care for each other. This is friendship at its best, what in modern English may be referred to as true friendship. In Book 8, Aristotle says that without friends, nobody would choose life. Even those people in possession of all the goods that they need in life, including high office, need friends. They do not perceive the use of all such prosperity without an opportunity of beneficence, which can only be exercised in its most laudable form towards friends. Similarly, it is impossible to guard prosperity without friends. Aristotle also indicates that friends are the only refuge when misfortunes and poverty strike (108). For the young, friendships are a way of avoiding straying. For older people, it is useful for ministering to their needs as well as supplementing the various activities that could be failing as a result of weakness. For Aristotle, friendships appear to be holding states together, and lawgivers are more careful about friendships than for justice. Since unanimity seems to be like friendship, they aim at this most of the time, and strive to expel faction as their worst enemy. It is on this basis that he indicates that when men are friends, they need justice. However, when they are just, they require justice as well. The truest form of justice according to Aristotle is thought to be an enduring friendly quality (118). Friendships are considered not only necessary, but also noble, since people always praise those who show love for their friends. It is also thought to be a great thing to have many friends. The different kinds of friendships may be cleared if attention was shifted to the object of love, in which case only the lovable objects can be loved. Lovable objects are those that pleasant, good or useful. For this reason, friends are formed on the basis of the good and pleasure that is produced, which has to be useful. However, a clash emerges in this argument, especially in determining whether men love the good or what they consider good for them. Whatever is good for a man, though, becomes the object of his friendship. The clash arises in that each man loves not just what is good, but that seems good for him. For Aristotle, this makes no difference. Aristotle poses the question of whether goodwill in itself constitutes friendship. In this case, goodwill amounts to friendship only when the feeling is reciprocated (120). This is because, many people may have goodwill for those they have not necessarily judged to be useful or good. This raises the genuine difficulty of telling who friends really are without their feelings being communicated. To be friends, then, there is a need for feelings to be mutually recognized as wishes of goodwill to each other. In terms of justice, the friendship of the good is enough proof against slander. This is because it is difficult to trust anyone except a man who has been tested by oneself. When all the things that are demanded in friendship are found, true friendship is said to exist. However, nothing prevents various evils arising, such that the assertion that he would never wrong seems to be inaccurate. Considering the three forms of friendships, it is true to say that bad men will always be friends for the sake of utility or pleasure, while good men will always be friends for their own sake, that is, for the virtue of their goodness. In the latter case, these are friends without qualifications while others are accidental friends, for whom, the only thing that they share is the resemblance of needs. In efforts to explain why the truest friendship is the one that one of the good, Aristotle argues that the friendship that is without qualification pleasant or good seems to be desirable or lovable. Here, the impression made is that love is merely a feeling, and friendship a state of character. The mutual love for certain choices springs from the state of character of the friends. Men tend to wish well those they love, not because of a feeling, but as a result of a certain state of character. In loving friends, men indicate their love for what is good for themselves. Aristotle completes the logical analysis by saying that in becoming a friend, a man ideally becomes good to his friends (129). Each of them, then, both love what is good for himself, while at the same time making an equal return through goodwill and pleasantness. In this sense, friendship is said to be similar to the concept of equality. Incidentally, both the concepts of goodwill and pleasantness are found in the concepts of friendship and equality. Most people appear to like being loved instead of loving, mainly because of ambition. Aristotle supports this proposition by saying that this is the reason why most men love flattery; since the flatterer takes the position of inferiority in a friendship, or pretends to be such and to more be more loving than he is being loved. Most people aim at being loved since this is akin to being honored. With friendship, there is love. Therefore, friendship does a lot of justice by making everyone feel honored. If people did not the terms that bind them in various forms of friendships, there would be no need for justice. From the arguments that Aristotle makes, friendship and justice appear to be concerned with similar objects, and expressed between the same persons. In Aristotles view, there is thought to be a certain form of justice as well as friendship in every community. Friendship depends on community, and brothers and comrades tend to have many things in common, including, in some cases, property. Aristotle ventures into what appears like a contradiction when he says that claims of justice tend to differ. However, he makes his argument clear by giving examples of duties of parents to children, as well as those of brothers to each other, which he says are never the same. The same case applies to the duties of comrades and their fellow citizens. The same case applies to all other kinds of friendships that exist. On the basis of this argument, it is possible for one to draw a parallel between the principles of justice and the principles of friendship. It appears that where one applies, the other cannot apply. Injustice increases when it is exhibited towards people who are considered friends in the fuller sense. For instance, it sounds more offensive to defraud a comrade than to defraud a fellow citizen. It is also more offensive to deny ones brother assistance than to refuse to help a stranger. It is more terrible for one to kill ones mother than to kill any other citizen. The demands of justice, therefore, appear to increase with the insensitivity of the level of friendship. This implies that there is a limit of friendship to which justice does not apply. It also implies that when there is justice, friendship becomes a necessity, such that when the concept of justice is introduced into a scenario where friendship is at play, both elements tend to have an equal extension. Aristotle also assesses the position of friendship vis-Ã  -vis that of justice by bringing into perspective the concept of constitution (119). He identifies three kinds of constitutions: monarchy, aristocracy, and timocracy or what many people refer to as polity. The best constitution, according to Aristotle, is monarchy, while the worst is timocracy. Although both monarchy and timocracy are a one-man rule systems, the main difference between them is that the tyrant looks at his own advantage while the king looks to the advantage of his subjects. Each of these constitutions may involve friendship just as much as it involves justice. The friendship that exists between the king and all his subjects is dependent on the benefits conferred, and Aristotle likens it to the friendship of the father to his son, the only difference being the greatness of all the benefits conferred. The reason why Aristotle brings into perspective the aspect of constitutionality is to shed light on the concept of friendship as it applies to governments. His arguments make the concept of friendship to predominate that of justice. At the same time, he seems to suggest that justice cannot take place in a vacuum there has to be a friendly relationship of sorts between all the participants in the legal process within a given jurisdiction. In the deviation-forms of constitution, justice hardly exists; the same case applies to friendship. In the least, friendship exists in its worst form, such that in a form of government such as tyranny, there is too little or no friendship at all. This is because of the lack of anything to be shared between the ruler and the ruled. Even if justice was to exist in such a type of constitution, people would not appreciate it since the spirit of friendship is lacking. In Aristotles view, in every form of friendship, there has to be some form of association. For instance, the friendship that exists between brothers and sisters is born out of a shared parentage and upbringing. Aristotle also carries the association debate even further, noting that friendships form the basis of humankinds very existence. Particularly, he indicates that man has a tendency to form couples and households more readily than even cities. He also notes that unlike animals, mans associations in the form of couples are not for reproduction purposes only, but for many other purposes in life. To this extent, the tendency to form marriages arise from not just pleasure but also utility. Through such illustrations, Aristotle provides a clear proof of the power of friendship over justice (138). Although friendships of utility are always full of complaints, this does not necessarily mean that an injustice has been committed against the complainant; rather, it is normal for the process of bargaining and haggling to be characterized by tough talk and claims of unfair pricing. No form of justice can be said to have taken place in such engagements, regardless of the outcome of the bargaining process. Everything is left in the hands of the two people who have become friends of convenience in order to transact business. In Aristotles view, two types of justices are worth considering for purposes of assessing their applicability to friendships: unwritten and legal justice. The legal type is one where the terms are fixed, while the unwritten one is the one where moral values are conventionally applied. Aristotles explanation of the applicability of both unwritten laws and legal laws is enlightening on the ways in which friendship takes the place of justice. In the same light, friendship is identified as necessary where the formal rules of justice require to be applied, for instance in the legal laws. In other words, even where legal laws have been put in place for political reasons, friendship is needed in order for the ethical aspects of justice to be put into consideration. Work Cited Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Translated by Ross, David. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Essay on Resolution of Conflict in The Tempest -- Tempest essays

Resolution of Conflict in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest, like any text, is a product of its context. It is constructed in relation to moral or ethical concerns of 17th century European Jacobean society. The resolution of conflict appears 'natural' or an inevitable consequence if regarded in relation to the concerns of its context. The resolution of conflict in this play incorporates Prospero being returned to his 'rightful' or natural position as Duke of Milan, his daughter Miranda getting married to Ferdinand, and the party returning to Milan leaving the island to the 'monster', Caliban. The resolution is a consequence of the concerns of the time, including the idea of the divine right of kings, courtly love, and colonisation.    Conflict between the two brothers, Prospero and Antonio, for the powerful position of Duke is resolved when Prospero is crowned; this is presented as 'natural' through the idea of the 'divine right of kings'. In Jacobean society, the religious belief was that the King (James I at the time of this play) was divinely willed to have this position, and that there was a connection between God and the King. Shakespeare mimics this idea by often relating Prospero to God throughout The Tempest, with stage directions such as 'Prospero on top, invisible' which   positions him 'close to God' and by his power to manipulate and control the lives of others:    'mine enemies are a... ... conflict.    The resolution of conflict in The Tempest is thus naturalised and constructed as an inevitable consequence through the use of moral and ethical concerns in the play, including the 'divine right of kings', the 'great chain of being', courtly love, colonising discourse and expanding territory. The Tempest thus incorporates concerns of the Jacobean 17th century context, used to naturalise the resolution.    Bibliography    Shakespeare, W. The Tempest. Ed. Sutherland, J.R. (1990)    "Tempest & Court Masques" By H. C. Sherwood    Meller, A., Moon, G.T. Literary Shakespeare (1993) Sydney: Canon Publications    Lecture on "The Tempest" (1988)   C. Holmes   

We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay -- essays resear

We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law states that the death penalty is to be enforced with convicted criminals for: treason; deserting armed forces during wartime; murder committed by a soldier; kidnapping and murder that involves crossing state lines; murder committed during an airplane hijacking; and of course, homicide. The death penalty is also called for punishment of for: attempting to kill anyone investigating or prosecuting his or her activities; advising, directing, authorizing or assisting in the murder of someone. Also, The Anti-Drug abuse act of 1988 calls for the death penalty for all drug related killings. Along with that, The bill amending sec. 848 to controlled substances act calls for the death penalty or life imprisonment for certain drug offences possession of 10 or more kg of heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine or analogue. Added to that, The drug kingpin act sates the use of death penalty for convicted major drug dealers caught with huge quantities of drugs, over 66 lbs. of heroin and 330 lbs. of cocaine. Even though there are these federal laws requiring the use of the death penalty for the crimes, State laws only consider one crime, murder, to be a capital offense. In the United States alone there have been 4047 executions since 1930, and 188 were from 1977-1996. In 1996, there were a total of 15,168,100 arrests; 33,050 for forcible rape; 1,506,200 involving drug violations and 19,020 for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. The death penalty was enforced 45 times. The death penalty is an expensive punishment, since 1976 the united states have spent 700 million dollars in it. Methods of the death pen... ...s no effect on the deteration of crimes. Statistics show that there is no relationship between the number of crimes committed in death penalty states and the number of crimes committed in non-death penalty states. While a majority of people believes the death penalty is a good punishment for crimes, they do not believe it helps get rid of and prevent crime. Other methods such as increased police officers and a decrease on the availability of handguns are 2 of many alternatives in prevention crimes. Enforcing a harsh punishment for committing a crime is not an effective way to prevent it from happening. Preventing crimes from happening is the most effective way to deter crime. Bibliography "Crimes, Politics and Race" Harvard Journal of law and Public Policy Winter 1997: pg. 405 "Death Penalty Information Center", 1997 http://www.esential.org/dpic/dpic.html (8 Feb. 1998) Nardo, Don Death Penalty San Diego: Lucent Books Inc, 1992 Wekesser, Carol The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991 World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998 Mahwah, NJ: world Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997 We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay -- essays resear We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law states that the death penalty is to be enforced with convicted criminals for: treason; deserting armed forces during wartime; murder committed by a soldier; kidnapping and murder that involves crossing state lines; murder committed during an airplane hijacking; and of course, homicide. The death penalty is also called for punishment of for: attempting to kill anyone investigating or prosecuting his or her activities; advising, directing, authorizing or assisting in the murder of someone. Also, The Anti-Drug abuse act of 1988 calls for the death penalty for all drug related killings. Along with that, The bill amending sec. 848 to controlled substances act calls for the death penalty or life imprisonment for certain drug offences possession of 10 or more kg of heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine or analogue. Added to that, The drug kingpin act sates the use of death penalty for convicted major drug dealers caught with huge quantities of drugs, over 66 lbs. of heroin and 330 lbs. of cocaine. Even though there are these federal laws requiring the use of the death penalty for the crimes, State laws only consider one crime, murder, to be a capital offense. In the United States alone there have been 4047 executions since 1930, and 188 were from 1977-1996. In 1996, there were a total of 15,168,100 arrests; 33,050 for forcible rape; 1,506,200 involving drug violations and 19,020 for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. The death penalty was enforced 45 times. The death penalty is an expensive punishment, since 1976 the united states have spent 700 million dollars in it. Methods of the death pen... ...s no effect on the deteration of crimes. Statistics show that there is no relationship between the number of crimes committed in death penalty states and the number of crimes committed in non-death penalty states. While a majority of people believes the death penalty is a good punishment for crimes, they do not believe it helps get rid of and prevent crime. Other methods such as increased police officers and a decrease on the availability of handguns are 2 of many alternatives in prevention crimes. Enforcing a harsh punishment for committing a crime is not an effective way to prevent it from happening. Preventing crimes from happening is the most effective way to deter crime. Bibliography "Crimes, Politics and Race" Harvard Journal of law and Public Policy Winter 1997: pg. 405 "Death Penalty Information Center", 1997 http://www.esential.org/dpic/dpic.html (8 Feb. 1998) Nardo, Don Death Penalty San Diego: Lucent Books Inc, 1992 Wekesser, Carol The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991 World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998 Mahwah, NJ: world Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997

How Has Music Marketing Changed over the Years and Where Does the Future of the Music Press Lie? Essay

In this day and age, technology is developing so rapidly that changes are occurring all across the board. Faster internet, digital photography, and interactive programs are all making advertising and marketing much easier in the ever expanding world of consumerism. With all these new advances, there are bound to be numerous changes. The music industry is a relatively modern concept. It originated from word of mouth and paper publications back before computers were even thought of. Many people nowadays act for the music press themselves by creating their own blogs/podcasts etc from their own music knowledge they have gained from websites and magazines. Although there are many technology based music industries there are still some simple publications that are still popular even though they have been around for the past 50 years such as NME magazine. As the music press progressed specific music genre specialisms such as Kerrang and TOTP have been introduced. Also, advertising elements such as billboards and posters still catch our attention as we are walking or driving past one. An eye catching mise en scene or new pictures of our favourite bands induce us to stop what we are doing and take notice in what they are doing or promoting. This shows how the music press operates according to the basic principles of advertising. For example A. I. D. A. The awareness is raised through apple symbols and artists which we trust to admire, acting as form of celebrity endorsement for the reader or viewer. The press follow the interest in an artist by using aesthetically pleasing photos of them making us aspire to look or be like our idols in the music industry. We cant help to desire to follow our favourite artist on twitter to get all the up to date gossip and information on them. We then take action by buying CD’s, gig tickets and merchandise in order to support our favourite bands but also as we aspire to fit in to the changing society. We do what is ‘the thing’ to do at the time. This relates to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as group and self identity relate to our choices in music and say a lot about us as individuals. There are still many advantages of buying a traditional magazine in today’s society. You can pick it up anytime and take it anywhere with you. You know all the information will be reliable and trustworthy. Free CDs/booklets and posters are one of the biggest advantages. People are most likely to by a magazine with a freebie other than any other one. Since technology became so popular, the most common music marketing for music was magazines. People would go out and spend their hard earned money on a magazine which would fill them in and keep them updated on everything to do with their favourite genre of music. It was for some people the only way to find out about new information on their favourite bands etc. However, over time as technology has developed, new marketing ways have been introduced which are pushing music magazines to the back of the line. These new ways are quicker, cheaper and easier for people which is why they are becoming more popular. In the mid 1990’s things started to change. The advent of the Internet allowed music fans to change the way they consumed music. And as technology advanced, the music business began to rethink (or in some cases were forced to rethink) the tools they used to market music to consumers. For reasons both good and bad, the Internet has given nearly all consumers more information than they would get from things like magazines or the radio for free, which means that people wont bother spending their money buying a magazine. Online music magazines/websites have the opportunity to make more money from advertising etc. If things continue developing in this way, the future of the music press will all be technology based. Eventually music magazines wont be making enough money and will be taken off the shelves and more and more industries will be online based. What is certain is that the future of the music press will be tied to the idea of sharing ideas online and through word of mouth. Blogs like network. youthmusic. org. uk, viral marketing through facebook where artists have a bigger fan base will develop and expand.

Philosophy of Counseling Essay

The purpose of the school counseling program is to guarantee academic, social, and professional success among all students. School counseling is s collaborative relationship between students, school counselors, teachers, parents, administrators, and the community. Through these partnerships, the counseling program will develop a support system to enhance student achievement and promote growth of future productive citizens. The role of the school counselor is very active. School counselors must be an assertive advocate by creating opportunities for all students to foster their dreams and achieve their goals. A dedicated counselor plays a major role in the school through research, data, collaboration, individual counseling, group counseling, career planning, and caring for the students overall well being. The school counselor serves as a leader and team member; working with parents and school personnel to make sure that each student succeeds. Human nature can be viewed as all individuals are considered equally good. People are creatures of habit and learn from their cultural upbringings and the ones around them. Now days, students deal with poverty, single-parent households, thoughts of suicide, neglect, abuse and so much more. In this complex society, it is necessary to provide learning experiences which will empower the child to overcome life challenges and set achievable goals. Goals can be reached by change. I feel an individual can change through awareness and influence. Students have to want to change and be aware that there is a need for change. The role of the professional school counselor is to support and influence the student. Change is achievable by tracking data and giving constructive feedback. The counselor will assist student in their academic, social, emotional and personal change and help to decide the best ways to successfully achieve their goals. Disaggregating data is the foundation for the school counseling program. The use of these resources will track student progress and provide evidence for growth. Data also helps the school counselor understand what is and is not working in the counseling program. If a student is not successful then we are not providing the correct interventions for that particular student. The changing needs of students, families and schools require professional school counselors who are current with new counseling programs. These programs must focus of students academic, career, and personal/ social needs. I feel as society changes that the students are setting the new goals for the counseling program. It is essential for the school counselor to foster and set realistic achievable goals for the student.

Benefits & Costs of Collaboration in IT Workplace

Two or more people or organisations ing together for a mon goal is a collaboration (Schuman, 2006). It is a joint effort (Rouse, 2016) and by definition excludes individual work. Information Technology (IT) is the use of puters, networks, storage and other infrastructure to store, retrieve, process, and share electronic data and is often employed in the context of business as opposed to personal use (Bigelow, 2015). This short paper discusses the benefits and costs of collaboration in an IT workplace. Collaboration promotes a superior quality of work by supporting the division of labour on which our present-day society is based. The ever-increasing specialisation in technology, processes, and customer requirements mean that an individual in an organisation can specialise and thus excel in one or just a handful of domains to be adding value to the entity's mission (Belcher, n.d.). This requirement implies we need to bring together people of different skills to achieve goals, thus, collaboration. Multiple minds working together leads to that many ideas and leads to achieve the task at hand. Collaboration helps build team morale and helps increase job satisfaction (Boyer, n.d.). It increases the chances of interaction among the team members which may aid in honing resilient teams which will care about the quality of work they produce. Collaboration requires the participation of multiple people, and thus the need to keep them on the same page, and thus meetings. It leads to meetings which are often inefficient and result in wasting time (Harmon & Cullinan, 2016). Collaboration may lead to useless power struggles (Belcher, n.d.). In the absence of a real authority figure, some individuals may attempt to gain power rather than concentrate on the task at hand. It may also lead to covert conflicts in working styles of individuals (Belcher, n.d.) who would rather like to work solo. Some of these people of these employees may take out their tension on the work, thus being detrimental to the organisation's goals. Belcher, L. Advantages & Disadvantages of Collaboration in the Workplace. Chron. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron /advantages-disadvantages-collaboration-workplace-20965.html Bigelow, S. (2015). What is Information Technology (IT)? - Definition from WhatIs . TechTarget. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://searchdatacenter.techtarget /definition/IT Boyer, S. The Importance of Collaboration in the Workplace. Nutcache. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.nutcache /blog/the-importance-of-collaboration-in-the-workplace/ Harmon, S. & Cullinan, R. (2016). The Dark Side of Collaboration. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost /shani-harmon/the-dark-side-of-collabor_b_9825020.html Rouse, M. (2016). What is collaboration? - Definition from WhatIs . TechTarget. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget /definition/collaboration Schuman, S. (2006). Creating a culture of collaboration (1st ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.